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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developing the prerequisites for sustainable land use in Albania (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. When Albania emerged from its seclusion in 1991, the scientific community had its first opportunity to interact with its international counterparts. Soil resource assessment was made with systems developed in the early 1950s, laboratory facilities to provide supporting data were poor, and it was recognized that a new assessment was urgently needed.The country faces a major challenge in reforestation and soil conservation against a background of overgrazing by sheep and goats and clearing of trees and scrubs for fuelwood. Even orchard and olive trees were used as fuelwood during the winters of 1990 and 1991. Since then, gully and rill erosion has accelerated on many of the sloping lands. In addition to reforestation and conservation measures to reduce the pressures on the sloping land, it is necessary to enhance productivity on the fertile valley bottom soils where most of the agriculture is confined. In the recent past, grain yields have declined due to reduced fertilizer use (low purchasing capacity), and poor management practices. More recently productivity has slowly improved, but land degradation, particularly erosion, has visibly increased.USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service in collaboration with the Land Resources Institute of Albania, initiated work on a new national soil map through collation of existing information and field studies. The land unit for land use planning, evaluation, and general management decisions, is the Major Land Resource Area (MLRA). Each MLRA encompasses geographically associated soils, the majority of which have broadly similar patterns ofclimate, water resources, and land uses. The MLRAs presented here are based on the soil map of Albania at 1 : 200 000 scale. The MLRA information provides an overview of the landscape and natural resources. It can be used to assess land suitability for various crops, opportunities to achieve self sufficiency in food production, selection of areas for both field crops and highvalue crops for export, and identification of appropriate farming system technologies. Each MLRA will have a set of degradation processes which can be flagged, therefore each of them becomes a unit for decision making with respect to investments in research and mitigating technologies. The task is far from complete. Appropriate databases are needed to support the decisions that are being made at national level. To complement the MLRA and related database, decision support systems are needed for the important task of developing policy options.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1997.tb00556.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction of ozone pollution and light effects on photosynthesis in a forest canopy experiment (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 18 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Ozone pollution may reduce net carbon gain in forests, yet data from mature trees are rare and the effects of irradiance on the response of photosynthesis to ozone remain untested. We used an open-air system to expose 10 branches within the upper canopy of an 18-m-tall stand of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) to twice-ambient concentrations of ozone (95nmol mol−1, 0900 to 1700, 1 h mean) relative to 10 paired, untreated controls (45nmol mol−1) over 3 months. The branch pairs were selected along a gradient from relatively high irradiance (PPFD 14.5 mol m−2 d−1) to deep shade (0.7mol m−2 d−1). Ozone reduced light-saturated rates of net photosynthesis (Asat) and increased dark respiration by as much as 56 and 40%, respectively. Compared to sun leaves, shade leaves exhibited greater proportional reductions in Asat and had lower chlorophyll concentrations, quantum efficiencies, and leaf absorptances when treated with ozone relative to controls. With increasing ozone dose over time, Asat became uncoupled from stomatal conductance as ratios of internal to external concentrations of carbon dioxide increased, reducing water-use efficiency. Ozone reduced net photosynthesis and impaired stomatal function, with these effects depending on the irradiance environment of the canopy leaves. Increased ozone sensitivity of shade leaves compared to sun leaves has consequences for net carbon gain in canopies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1995.tb00598.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in leaf nitrogen and carbohydrates underlie temperature and CO2 acclimation of dark respiration in five boreal tree species (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 22 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We tested the hypothesis that acclimation of foliar dark respiration to CO2 concentration and temperature is associated with adjustments in leaf structure and chemistry. Populus tremuloides Michx., Betula papyrifera Marsh., Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch, Pinus banksiana Lamb., and Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. were grown from seed in combined CO2 (370 or 580 μmol mol–1) and temperature treatments (18/12, 24/18, or 30/24 °C). Temperature and CO2 effects were predominately independent. Specific respiration rates partially acclimated to warmer thermal environments through downward adjustment in the intercept, but not Q10 of the temperature–response functions. Temperature acclimation of respiration was larger for conifers than broad-leaved species and was associated with pronounced reductions in leaf nitrogen concentrations in conifers at higher growth temperatures. Short-term increases in CO2 concentration did not inhibit respiration. Growth in the elevated CO2 concentration reduced leaf nitrogen and increased non-structural carbohydrate concentrations. However, for a given nitrogen concentration, respiration was higher in leaves grown in the elevated CO2 concentration, as rates increased with increasing carbohydrates. Across species and treatments, respiration rates were a function of both leaf nitrogen and carbohydrate concentrations (R2 = 0·71, P 〈 0·0001). Long-term acclimation of foliar dark respiration to temperature and CO2 concentration is largely associated with changes in nitrogen and carbohydrate concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00435.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Altered root growth and plant chemistry ofPinus sylvestris seedlings subjected to aluminum in nutrient solution (1996)
    Springer
    Trees 10 (1996), S. 135-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Scots pine ; Aluminum ; Pollution ; Photosynthesis ; Roots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract One-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings were grown for 9 weeks in nutrient solutions containing 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mM aluminum nitrate (Al(NO3)3) at pH 4.2. Nine weeks exposure to Al significantly reduced total plant, shoot and root mass and caused a linear decline in proportional allocation of biomass to roots. Relative growth rate of roots declined to as low as zero. Aluminum treatment decreased calcium and magnesium uptake and increased Al content in roots and needles. After 3 weeks of exposure a 10–60% increase in total phenols in roots and a 20–40% increase in o-diphenols in roots and needles were noted. Roots affected by Al showed degeneration of meristematic cells, fewer cell divisions, deformation in cell walls and higher lignification and suberization. The majority of root apices were structurally similar to dormant roots, and a premature senescence of the entire root system was observed. Net photosynthetic rate after 6 weeks of treatment was negatively correlated with needle Al content and Al/Ca ratio (r 〈 -0.9, P 〈 0.1). The results suggest that Scots pine may be more susceptible to Al than was expected based on previous experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02340765
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Altered root growth and plant chemistry of Pinus sylvestris seedlings subjected to aluminum in nutrient solution (1996)
    Springer
    Trees 10 (1996), S. 135-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Scots pine ; Aluminum ; Pollution ; Photosynthesis ; Roots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  One-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings were grown for 9 weeks in nutrient solutions containing 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mM aluminum nitrate (Al(NO3)3) at pH 4.2. Nine weeks exposure to Al significantly reduced total plant, shoot and root mass and caused a linear decline in proportional allocation of biomass to roots. Relative growth rate of roots declined to as low as zero. Aluminum treatment decreased calcium and magnesium uptake and increased Al content in roots and needles. After 3 weeks of exposure a 10 – 60% increase in total phenols in roots and a 20 – 40% increase in o-diphenols in roots and needles were noted. Roots affected by Al showed degeneration of meristematic cells, fewer cell divisions, deformation in cell walls and higher lignification and suberization. The majority of root apices were structurally similar to dormant roots, and a premature senescence of the entire root system was observed. Net photosynthetic rate after 6 weeks of treatment was negatively correlated with needle Al content and Al/Ca ratio (r 〈  – 0.9, P 〈 0.1). The results suggest that Scots pine may be more susceptible to Al than was expected based on previous experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009642
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Different photosynthesis-nitrogen relations in deciduous hardwood and evergreen coniferous tree species (1995)
    Springer
    Oecologia 104 (1995), S. 24-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Leaf life-span ; Evergreen ; Deciduous ; Photosynthesis ; Nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between photosynthetic capacity (A max) and leaf nitrogen concentration (N) among all C3 species can be described roughly with one general equation, yet within that overall pattern species groups or individual species may have markedly different A max-N relationships. To determine whether one or several predictive, fundamental A max-N relationships exist for temperate trees we measured A max, specific leaf area (SLA) and N in 22 broad-leaved deciduous and 9 needle-leaved evergreen tree species in Wisconsin, United States. For broad-leaved deciduous trees, mass-based A max was highly correlated with leaf N (r 2=0.75, P〈0.001). For evergreen conifers, mass-based A max was also correlated with leaf N (r 2=0.59, P〈0.001) and the slope of the regression (rate of increase of A max per unit increase in N) was lower (P〈0.001) by two-thirds than in the broad-leaved species (1.9 vs. 6.4 μmol CO2 g−1 N s−1), consistent with predictions based on tropical rain forest trees of short vs. long leaf life-span. On an area basis, there was a strong A max-N correlation among deciduous species (r 2=0.78, P〈0.001) and no correlation (r 2=0.03, P〉0.25) in the evergreen conifers. Compared to deciduous trees at a common leaf N (mass or area basis), evergreen trees had lower A max and SLA. For all data pooled, both leaf N and A max on a mass basis were correlated (r 2=0.6) with SLA; in contrast, area-based leaf N scaled tightly with SLA (r 2=0.81), but area-based A max did not (r 2=0.06) because of low A max per unit N in the evergreen conifers. Multiple regression analysis of all data pooled showed that both N (mass or area basis) and SLA were significantly (P〈0.001) related to A max on mass (r 2=0.80) and area (r 2=0.55) bases, respectively. These results provide further evidence that A max-N relationships are fundamentally different for ecologically distinct species groups with differing suites of foliage characteristics: species with long leaf life-spans and low SLA, whether broad-leaved or needle-leaved, tend to have lower A max per unit leaf N and a lower slope and higher intercept of the A max-N relation than do species with shorter leaf life-span and higher SLA. A single global A max-N equation overestimates and underestimates A max for temperate trees at the upper and lower end of their leaf N range, respectively. Users of A max-N relationships in modeling photosynthesis in different ecosystems should appreciate the strengths and limitations of regression equations based on different species groupings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00365558
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutritional Status of Pollen and Needles of Diverse Pinus Sylvestris Populations Grown at Sites with Contrasting Pollution (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 110 (1999), S. 195-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: environmental pollution ; nutrients ; pollen ; provenance ; reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Pollen may serve as a biological indicator for air pollution stress in plants. However, knowledge of pollen mineral composition and its relationship to environmental and genetic factors is very limited. We studied the concentrations of macro- and micronutrients in pollen and needles for seven European Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) populations grown in two 15-yr-old provenance plantations with contrasting pollution levels. One site was located near a phosphate fertilizer factory, and the other in an area free of acute air pollution. We also tested the relationship between tree age and pollen nutrient composition by sampling 60-yr-old trees of local origin in both sites. No population differences were found in nutrient concentrations in pollen. However, there were significant differences among populations in needle concentrations of K, Mg and Zn, as well as significant site x population interaction for Mn concentration. In pollen, populations at the polluted site had significantly higher concentrations of S, Mn, Al, Na, Cu, Ni and Cd, and lower Zn. Average concentrations of S, P, Mn and Cd was lower in pollen of 60-yr-old than 15-yr-old Scots pine trees. Pollen concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe and B were similar between sites and not related to the concentration of these elements in needles. Therefore, by analyzing the chemical composition of pollen it is not possible to detect any nutritional disorders for P, K, Ca and Mg in plants, and it seems unlikely that nutrient analyses of pollen have an advantage over analyses of foliage as a bioindicator of pollution. However, enhanced accumulation by pollen of such elements as Al, S, Mn, Cu, Ni and Cd at the polluted site may adversely affect pollen function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005064218004
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