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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Dependence ; Addiction ; Drug abuse ; Craving ; Relapse ; Tolerance ; Sensitization ; Withdrawal ; Opponent process theories ; Subjective ; Discriminative effects ; Reinforcement ; Habit ; Neural systems ; Psychomotor stimulants ; Amphetamine ; Cocaine ; Oppiates ; Alcohol ; Nicotine ; Hallucinogens ; Amygdala ; Stratum ; Nucleus accumbens ; Dopamine ; 5-HT ; Cerebral cortex ; Functional neuroimaging ; PET ; Transcription factors ; Behavioural genetics ; Strain-dependent effects ; Quantitative trait loci ; Individual differences ; Risk factors ; Personality and dependence ; Biological markers of dependence ; Co-morbidity ; Schizophrenia ; Depression ; Pharmacological treatment for dependence ; Psychosocial treatment of dependence ; Sociology of dependence ; Epidemiology of dependence ; Animal models of dependence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This article summarizes the main discussions at a meeting on the biological, social and clinical bases of drug addiction focused on contemporary topics in drug dependence. Four main domains are surveyed, reflecting the structure of the meeting: psychological and pharmacological factors; neurobiological substrates; risk factors (including a consideration of vulnerability from an environmental and genetic perspective); and clinical treatment. Among the topics discussed were tolerance, sensitization, withdrawal, craving and relapse; mechanisms of reinforcing actions of drugs at the behavioural, cognitive and neural levels; the role of subjective factors in drug dependence; approaches to the behavioural and molecular genetics of drug dependence; the use of functional neuroimaging; pharmaceutical and psychosocial strategies for treatment; epidemiological and sociological aspects of drug dependence. The survey takes into account the considerable disagreements and controversies arising from the discussions, but also reaches a degree of consensus in certain areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-899X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neuroscience and behavioral physiology 28 (1998), S. 48-59 
    ISSN: 1573-899X
    Keywords: Auditory cortex ; afterdischarges ; neuron interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Studies were carried out in rats anesthetized with ketamine or nembutal, with recording of multicellular activity (with separate identification of responses from individual neurons) in the primary auditory cortex before and after electrical intracortical microstimulation. These experiments showed that about half of the set of neurons studied produced responses to short tonal bursts, these responses having two components—initial discharges arising in response to the sound, and afterdischarge occurring after pauses of 50–100 msec. Afterdischarges lasted at least several seconds, and were generally characterized by a rhythmic structure (with a frequency of 8–12 Hz). After electrical microstimulation, the level of spike activity increased, especially in afterdischarges, and this increase could last up to 4 h. Combined peristimulus histograms, cross-correlations, and gravitational analyses were used to demonstrate interactions of neurons, which increased after electrical stimulation and were especially pronounced in the response afterdischarges.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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