Note: Cover -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Boxes -- List of Contributors -- 1. Introduction -- PART I. REVISITING THE ECONOMICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE -- 2. Climate-change Policy: Why has so Little been Achieved? -- 3. The Global Deal on Climate Change -- 4. Climate Treaties and the Imperative of Enforcement -- 5. The Implications of Rapid Development for Emissions and Climate-change Mitigation -- 6. The Behavioural Economics of Climate Change -- PART II. THE GLOBAL PLAYERS AND AGREEMENTS -- 7. Climate Change and Africa -- 8. China's Balance of Emissions Embodied in Trade: Approaches to Measurement and Allocating International Responsibility -- 9. India and Climate-change Mitigation -- 10. Addressing Climate Change with a Comprehensive US Cap-and-trade System -- 11. EU Climate-change Policy-A Critique -- PART III. LOW-CARBON TECHNOLOGIES -- 12. Nuclear Power, Climate Change, and Energy Policy -- 13. Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage -- 14. Climate-change Mitigation from Renewable Energy: Its Contribution and Cost -- 15. The National Inventory Approach for International Forest-carbon Sequestration Management -- 16. On the Regulation of Geoengineering -- 17. Improving Energy Efficiency: Hidden Costs and Unintended Consequences -- PART IV. NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS -- 18. Carbon Taxes, Emissions Trading, and Hybrid Schemes -- 19. Docking into a Global Carbon Market: Clean Investment Budgets to Finance Low-carbon Economic Development -- 20. International Carbon Finance and the Clean Development Mechanism -- PART V. INSTITUTIONAL ARCHITECTURE -- 21. The Global Climate-change Regime: A Defence -- 22. Governing Climate Change: Lessons from other Governance Regimes -- Bibliography -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Z.

Note: Cover -- Nature in the Balance: The Economics of Biodiversity -- Copyright -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Abbreviations -- List of Contributors -- 1: Introduction -- 2: The Economic Analysis of Biodiversity -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.2 WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY? -- 2.3 VALUING SPECIES AND LANDSCAPES -- 2.4 DEPLETION, SUBSTITUTION, AND RENEWABLE AND NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES -- 2.5 POLICY INSTRUMENTS -- 2.5.1 Biodiversity-related externalities -- 2.5.2 Biodiversity-related public goods -- 2.6 TREATIES, TARGETS, INTERNATIONALAGREEMENTS, AND INSTITUTIONS -- 2.7 IMPLEMENTATION, ACCOUNTING, AND ECONOMIC POLICY -- 2.8 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Part I: Concepts and Measurement -- 3: Biodiversity: Its Meanings, Roles, and Status -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 3.2 WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY? -- 3.3 MEASURING BIODIVERSITY -- 3.4 A WIDELY USED DEFINITION OF BIODIVERSITY -- 3.5 WHY DOES BIODIVERSITY MATTER? -- 3.5.1 Extrinsic and intrinsic values -- 3.5.2 Ecosystem services -- 3.5.3 Heritage, adaptability, and resilience -- 3.6 CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY -- 3.7 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 4: Identifying and Mapping Biodiversity:Where Can We Damage? -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.2 WHAT INFORMATION ON BIODIVERSITY IS NEEDED TO DETERMINE IMPORTANT REGIONS OUTSIDE OF PROTECTED AREAS? -- 4.2.1 Ecological properties of a landscape -- 4.2.2 Ecological features of a landscape -- 4.2.3 Spatial resolution of datasets -- 4.2.4 Temporal resolution of datasets -- 4.3 WHAT INFORMATION DO WE ALREADY HAVE? -- 4.3.1 Richness -- 4.3.2 Vulnerability -- 4.3.3 Resilience -- 4.3.4 Future distribution of biodiversity -- 4.4 TOOLS AVAILABLE TO ILLUSTRATE SPATIAL PATTERNS OF BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES -- 4.5 KNOWLEDGE GAPS -- 4.6 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5: The UK National Ecosystem Assessment:Valuing Changes in Ecosystem Services. , 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.2 VALUING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES -- 5.2.1 The NEA scenarios -- 5.2.2 Agricultural food production -- 5.2.3 Terrestrial carbon storage and GHG emissions -- 5.2.4 Biodiversity -- Breeding bird diversity as a function of land cover -- Habitat association modelling for farmland birds -- 5.2.5 Open-access recreation -- 5.2.6 Urban greenspace amenity -- 5.3 SYNTHESIS OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICE VALUATIONS -- 5.4 POLICY IMPACT AND CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Part II: Valuing Biodiversity -- 6: Valuing Ecosystem Servicesand Biodiversity -- 6.1 INTRODUCTION -- 6.2 A FRAMEWORK FOR VALUING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND BIODIVERSITY -- 6.3 VALUING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: LESSONS AND DIRECTIONS -- 6.3.1 Economic valuation methods: a synopsis -- 6.3.2 Health values -- 6.3.3 Non-use values -- 6.3.4 Value transfer and spatial variability -- 6.4 FROM VALUES TO ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENTS AND POLICY IMPLEMENTATION -- 6.4.1 Ecosystem valuation in the aggregate -- 6.4.2 Valuation and policy -- 6.5 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7: The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB): Challenges and Responses -- 7.1 THE ECONOMIC CASE FOR BIODIVERSITY -- 7.2 TEEB AND ECONOMIC VALUATION -- 7.3 RESPONDING TO THE CHALLENGES -- 7.4 TAKING TEEB FROM ANALYSIS TO ACTION -- 7.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- Part III: Natural Capital and Accounting -- 8: Natural Capital -- 8.1 INTRODUCTION -- 8.2 NATURE AS CAPITAL -- 8.3 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT -- 8.4 WEAK AND STRONG SUSTAINABILITY -- 8.5 WEALTH ACCOUNTING AND NATURAL CAPITAL -- 8.5.1 USA -- 8.5.2 Thailand -- 8.6 CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 9: Biodiversity and National Accounting -- 9.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.2 BALANCE SHEETS AND BIODIVERSITY -- 9.3 BIODIVERSITY AS A SOURCE OF VALUE -- 9.4 POTENTIAL TREATMENTS OF BIODIVERSITY IN THE NATIONAL BALANCE SHEET -- 9.5 MEASURING NET INCOME AND NET SAVING. , 9.6 VALUING CONSERVATION IN NATIONAL ACCOUNTS: EMPIRICAL ESTIMATES -- 9.6.1 Protected area rents in relation to GDP -- 9.6.2 PA rents as a percentage of GDP -- 9.6.3 PA rents as a share of GDP across income classes -- 9.6.4 Explaining the high PA rents as a share of GDP in developing countries -- 9.6.5 Policy implications and some caveats -- 9.7 CONCLUSIONS ON BIODIVERSITY AND NATIONAL ACCOUNTING -- APPENDIX I: DERIVING MARGINAL VALUES OF BIODIVERSITY USING PRODUCTION FUNCTION TECHNIQUES -- APPENDIX II : DATA ON PROTECTED AREA ASSET VALUES PER CAPITA AND LAND RENTS -- REFERENCES -- Part IV: International and Development Aspects -- 10: Biodiversity, Poverty, and Development: A Review -- 10.1 INTRODUCTION -- 10.2 BACKGROUND AND DEFINITIONS -- 10.3 BIODIVERSITY, ECOSYSTEM SERVICES, AND DEVELOPMENT -- 10.3.1 Biodiversity, and economic growth and incomes -- 10.3.2 Biodiversity and ecosystem services -- 10.4 LOOKING AHEAD: BIODIVERSITY AND DEVELOPMENT -- 10.4.1 Underlying drivers -- 10.4.2 Proximate drivers -- 10.5 BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION, POLICY, AND WELFARE IMPACTS -- 10.5.1 Biodiversity protection, economic growth, and poverty -- 10.5.2 Biodiversity policy and welfare impacts -- Protected areas -- Bioprospecting -- 10.6 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 11:Regulating Global Biodiversity: What is the Problem? -- 11.1 INTRODUCTION -- 11.2 WHEN IS BIODIVERSITY REGULATION A GLOBAL PROBLEM? -- 11.3 STRUCTURE OF THE BIODIVERSITY BARGAINING PROBLEM: THEORY AND CASE STUDY -- 11.4 ADDRESSING THE BIODIVERSITY BARGAINING PROBLEM: INTERNATIONAL POLICIES -- 11.4.1 The Convention on Biological Diversity and National Sovereignty -- 11.4.2 An international fund mechanism for biodiversity? -- 11.4.3 Incremental costs contracting: an 'extreme point' contract -- 11.4.4 Access rights and access and benefit sharing (ABS): can property rights solve this?. , 11.4.5 Whatever next? The Nagoya Protocol on Benefit Sharing -- 11.4.6 Outside the box? The use and usefulness of REDD -- 11.5 REFRAMING THE GAME: RATIONAL THREATS AS A RESPONSE TO UNFAIR BARGAINING -- 11.5.1 Strategic destruction as a rational threat -- 11.5.2 Strategic threats in practice -- 11.6 CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Part V: Policy Instruments and Incentives -- 12: Do Biodiversity Policies Work? The Case for Conservation Evaluation 2.0 -- 12.1 INTRODUCTION -- 12.2 WHAT HAS WORKED AND WHAT HASN'T? -- 12.2.1 Empirical designs and methods -- 12.2.2 Empirical evidence on conservation policy performance -- Protected areas -- Decentralization measures -- Payments for ecosystem services -- Other conservation initiatives -- 12.3 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNT SO FAR? -- 12.3.1 Protected areas seem to be effective -- 12.3.2 Spillovers from conservation policies tend to be negligible -- 12.3.3 Evidence limited to very few locations -- 12.3.4 No evidence on protecting ecosystem structure and function -- 12.3.5 Impacts of conservation policies are heterogeneous -- Baseline conditions -- Type -- Duration -- 12.4 TOWARDS CONSERVATION EVALUATION 2.0 -- 12.4.1 Better theory -- Internal validity -- External validity -- Coupled systems -- 12.4.2 Better methods -- Sensitivity to identification assumptions -- Spillovers -- Continuous, not discrete -- 12.4.3 Better data -- Missing baselines -- Interdisciplinarity -- 12.5 CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 13: Are Investments to Promote Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Services Aligned? -- 13.1 INTRODUCTION -- 13.2 DATA AND METHODS -- 13.2.1 Land-use and land-cover data -- 13.2.2 Land-use scenarios -- 13.2.3 Carbon storage and sequestration -- 13.2.4 Water quality: phosphorus retention -- 13.2.5 Habitat for biodiversity -- 13.2.6 Conservation budget and opportunity costs. , 13.2.7 Optimization for targeting conservation investment -- 13.3 RESULTS -- 13.4 DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- 14: Incentives, Private Ownership, and Biodiversity Conservation -- 14.1 INTRODUCTION -- 14.2 THE ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 'BIODIVERSITY PROBLEM' -- 14.3 POLICY DESIGN OPTIONS -- 14.3.1 Regulation -- 14.3.2 Uniform payment schemes -- 14.3.3 Conservation auctions -- 14.3.4 Conservation easements -- 14.3.5 Creating markets for biodiversity -- 14.4 POLICY DESIGN CHALLENGES -- 14.4.1 Paying for outcomes not actions -- 14.4.2 Determining contract length and other dynamic considerations -- 14.4.3 Spatial coordination -- 14.4.4 Transactions costs -- 14.5 SENSITIVITIES TO MARKET CONDITIONS -- 14.6 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 15: On the Potential for Speculation to Threaten Biodiversity Loss -- 15.1 INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION -- 15.2 ENDANGERED SPECIES AND THE EFFECT OF TRADE -- 15.3 A SIMPLE MODEL -- 15.4 SOLVING THE SPECULATOR'S PROBLEM -- 15.5 EMPIRICAL ILLUSTRATION: BANKING ON BLACK RHINO EXTINCTION -- 15.6 POLICY LESSONS -- 15.7 CONCLUSIONS -- APPENDIX: CALIBRATING THE NUMERICAL MODEL -- REFERENCES -- Bibliography -- Index.