Keywords:
Ultraviolet radiation.
;
Electronic books.
Description / Table of Contents:
Numerous studies report that UV radiation is harmful to living organisms and detrimental to human health. This book includes the latest developments in UV research as well as the interactions between UV radiation and global change, environment and ecosystems.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (564 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9783642033131
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=645594
DDC:
551.5273
Language:
English
Note:
Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Preface -- Table of Contents -- List of Contributors -- 1 A Climatology of UV Radiation, 1979- 2000, 65S -65N -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Method -- 1.3 Results -- 1.3.1 Satellite-Derived UV Climatologies -- 1.3.2 Comparison with Ground-Based Measurements -- 1.3.3 Discussion of Uncertanties -- 1.4 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Balancing the Risks and Benefits of Ultraviolet Radiation -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Long Term Changes in UVEry -- 2.3 Geographical Variability in UVEry -- 2.4 Peak UV -- 2.4.1 Peak UV Index -- 2.4.2 Peak UV Daily Dose -- 2.5 Comparing Weighting Functions for Erythema and Vitamin D -- 2.6 Seasonal and Diurnal Variation of UVEry and UVVitD -- 2.7 Global Climatologies of UVEry and UVVitD -- 2.8 Relationship Between UVVitD and UVEry -- 2.9 Production of Vitamin D from Sunlight -- 2.10 Calculation of Optimal Times for Exposure to Sunlight -- 2.11 An Inconsistency -- 2.12 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Climatology of Ultraviolet Radiation at High Latitudes Derived from Measurements of the National Science Foundation's Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitoring Network -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Data Analysis -- 3.2.1 Data -- 3.2.2 Establishment of Climatologies -- 3.2.3 Estimates of Historical UV Indices -- 3.3 UV Index Climatology -- 3.3.1 South Pole -- 3.3.2 McMurdo Station -- 3.3.3 Palmer Station -- 3.3.4 Ushuaia -- 3.3.5 San Diego -- 3.3.6 Barrow -- 3.4 Climatology of UV-A Irradiance -- 3.5 Comparison of Radiation Levels at Network Sites -- 3.6 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- 4 UV Solar Radiation in Polar Regions: Consequences for the Environment and Human Health -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Networks and Databanks -- 4.3 Impact of Solar UV on the Environment -- 4.3.1 Effect of the Environment on Solar UV -- 4.4 Impact of Solar UV on Human Health.
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4.4.1 Information and Protection Programs -- 4.4.2 Dosimetry, UV Modeling, and Instruments -- 4.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 5 Changes in Ultraviolet and Visible Solar Irradiance 1979 to 2008 -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Instrumentation -- 5.3 Detection of Long-Term Change -- 5.3.1 Radiation Amplification Factor -- 5.3.2 Different Definitions of RAF -- 5.3.3 Estimating UV Trends: Discussion -- 5.3.4 Reduction of UV Irradiance by Clouds and Aerosols -- 5.3.5 Stokes Derivation of CT=(1-R) / (1-RG) -- 5.3.6 UV Absorption -- 5.3.7 Estimating Zonal Average UV Change -- 5.3.8 Estimating UV Trends: Satellites -- 5.3.9 Estimating UV Trends: Ground-Based -- 5.4 UV in the Polar Regions -- 5.5 Human Exposure to UV -- 5.6 UV Index and Units -- 5.7 Action Spectra and Irradiance Trends -- 5.8 UV Summary -- Appendix 5.1 Calculating RAF(ø) -- References -- 6 The Brewer Spectrophotometer -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 History -- 6.3 The Instrument -- 6.3.1 The Fore-Optics -- 6.3.2 The Spectrometer -- 6.3.3 The Photomultiplier Housing -- 6.3.4 Support Electronics -- 6.3.5 The Control Computer -- 6.4 Corrections Applied to Data -- 6.4.1 Dark Count -- 6.4.2 Dead Time -- 6.4.3 Stray Light -- 6.4.4 Temperature Response -- 6.4.5 Neutral Density Filters -- 6.4.6 Cosine Response -- 6.4.7 Internal Polarization -- 6.5 Measurement of Total Ozone -- 6.5.1 Measurement Technique -- 6.5.2 Calibration -- 6.6 Measurement of Spectral UV Radiation -- 6.7 Measurement of Other Atmospheric Variables -- 6.7.1 Vertical Profile of Ozone -- 6.7.2 Atmospheric SO2 -- 6.7.3 Atmospheric NO2 -- 6.7.4 Aerosol Optical Depth -- 6.7.5 Effective Temperature of Atmospheric Ozone -- 6.8 The Brewer Spectrophotometer as a Powerful Research Tool -- 6.9 Summary -- References -- 7 Techniques for Solar Dosimetry in Different Environments -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 UV Dosimetry and Minimization Strategies.
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7.3 Miniaturization of Polysulphone Dosimeters -- 7.4 Measurements on Plants -- 7.5 Long-Term UV Dosimeters -- 7.6 Vitamin D Effective UV Dosimetry -- 7.7 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- 8 An Ultraviolet Radiation Monitoring and Research Program for Agriculture -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Introduction to the USDA UVMRP (Purpose and History) -- 8.3 Monitoring Network -- 8.3.1 Sites and Coverage -- 8.3.2 Data Products Provided by UVMRP -- 8.4 Data Collection and Processing -- 8.4.1 UV-MFRSR Data Processing -- 8.4.1.1 Dark Current Bias Removal -- 8.4.1.2 Cosine Correction -- 8.4.1.3 Out-of-Band Correction -- 8.4.2 Erythemally Weighted UV Irradiance -- 8.4.2.1 Angular (Cosine) Response of the UVB-1 Pyranometer -- 8.4.2.2 UVB-1 Spectral Response and Influence of Columnar Ozone -- 8.4.3 Langley Analysis -- 8.4.4 Data Processing for Other Measurements -- 8.5 Derived Products -- 8.5.1 Optical Depth -- 8.5.1.1 Instantaneous Optical Depth -- 8.5.1.2 Average Optical Depth -- 8.5.2 Daily Column Ozone -- 8.5.3 Synthetic Spectrum Data -- 8.6 Database Design and Website Interface -- 8.6.1 The Data -- 8.7 UVMRP's Role in UV-B Agricultural Effects Studies -- 8.7.1 Mississippi State University -- 8.7.2 Purdue University -- 8.7.3 Utah State University -- 8.7.4 University of Maryland -- 8.7.5 Washington State University -- 8.7.6 University of Illinois - Chicago -- 8.7.7 Highlights of Other Collaborations -- 8.8 Modeling of Agricultural Sustainability -- 8.9 Future Considerations -- 8.10 Summary -- References -- 9 Radiative Transfer in the Coupled Atmosphere-Snow-Ice-Ocean (CASIO) System: Review of Modeling Capabilities -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Radiative Transfer Modeling -- 9.2.1 Sun-Earth Geometry -- 9.2.2 Spectrum of Solar Radiation -- 9.2.3 Atmospheric Vertical Structure -- 9.2.4 Light Interaction with Absorbing and Scattering Media.
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9.2.4.1 Absorption and Scattering by Atmospheric Molecules and Pure Water -- 9.2.4.2 Absorption and Scattering by Particles -- 9.2.4.3 Optical Properties of the Ocean -- 9.2.4.4 Definitions of Irradiance and Radiance -- 9.2.4.5 Absorption, Scattering, and Extinction by Molecules and Particles -- 9.2.5 Equation of Radiative Transfer -- 9.2.6 Surface Reflection and Transmission -- 9.2.7 Radiative Transfer in a Coupled Atmosphere-Snow-Ice-Ocean (CASIO) System -- 9.3 Sample Applications of the Theory -- 9.3.1 Comparison of Modeled Irradiances in CAO Systems -- 9.3.2 Measured and Modeled Radiation Fields in Sea Ice -- 9.3.3 Radiation Trapping in Sea Ice -- 9.3.4 Impact of Ozone Depletion on Primary Productivity -- 9.4 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- 10 Comparative Analysis of UV-B Exposure Between Nimbus 7/TOMS Satellite Estimates and Ground-Based Measurements -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Materials and Methods -- 10.2.1 USDA UV-B Dataset -- 10.2.2 TOMS Dataset -- 10.2.3 UV Index -- 10.2.4 Comparative Analysis -- 10.3 Results and Discussion -- 10.3.1 UV-I Daily Change Analysis -- 10.3.2 Analysis of UV-I Variability -- 10.3.3 UV-I Spatial Analysis -- 10.4 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Ultraviolet Radiation and Its Interaction with Air Pollution -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Factors Affecting UV Flux at the Earth's Surface -- 11.1.1.1 Solar Zenith Angle -- 11.1.1.2 Stratospheric Ozone -- 11.1.1.3 Cloud Cover -- 11.1.1.4 Atmospheric Density -- 11.1.1.5 Air Pollution (Gases and Aerosols) -- 11.2 Optics of the Atmosphere -- 11.2.1 Scattering -- 11.2.2 Absorption -- 11.2.3 Emission -- 11.2.4 Atmospheric Optical Depth -- 11.2.5 Single Scatter Albedo -- 11.2.6 Asymmetry Factor -- 11.2.7 Angstrom's Exponent -- 11.3 Models and Measurements -- 11.4 Summary -- References.
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12 Urban Forest Influences on Exposure to UV Radiation and Potential Consequences for Human Health -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Effects of Solar UV on Human Health and Epidemiology -- 12.2.1 Sunburn -- 12.2.2 Skin Types -- 12.2.3 Immune Function -- 12.2.4 Skin Cancers -- 12.2.4.1 Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers -- 12.2.4.2 Melanoma -- 12.2.5 Eye Diseases -- 12.2.6 Sunscreen Effectiveness -- 12.2.7 Positive Impacts -- 12.2.7.1 Vitamin D -- 12.2.7.2 Apparent Anti-Cancer Benefits of UV -- 12.3 UV Climatology -- 12.3.1 Ozone Trends -- 12.4 Urban Structural Influences -- 12.4.1 Sky Radiance and Diffuse Fraction -- 12.4.2 UV Reflectivity -- 12.4.3 Tree and Building Influences on UV -- 12.4.3.1 Measurements -- 12.4.3.2 Models of Tree Influences on UV-B Irradiance -- 12.4.4 Human Exposure -- 12.5 Public Health Information -- 12.6 Conclusions -- References -- 13 Solar UV-B Radiation and Global Dimming: Effects on Plant Growth and UV-Shielding -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Global Dimming and UV-B: Potential Effects on Plants -- 13.1.2 Assessing Global Dimming and UV-B Effects on Plant Growth -- 13.2 Methods -- 13.2.1 Field Site -- 13.2.1.1 Experimental Plots -- 13.2.2 Structural and Biomass Measurements -- 13.2.3 UV-A Epidermal Transmittance Measurements -- 13.2.4 Solar UV and PAR Irradiance -- 13.2.5 Statistical Analyses -- 13.3 Results -- 13.3.1 UV-A Epidermal Transmittance -- 13.3.2 Dimming Effects on Biomass and Structure -- 13.4 Discussion -- 13.4.1 Global Dimming and UV-B Effects on Leaf Optical Properties -- 13.4.2 Global Dimming and UV-B Effects on Productivity -- 13.4.3 Ecological Implications -- 13.4.3.1 UV Exclusion Studies -- 13.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 14 Effects of Ultraviolet-B Radiation and Its Interactions with Climate Change Factors on Agricultural Crop Growth and Yield -- 14.1 Introduction.
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14.2 Abiotic Stress Factors and Crop Yield.
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