Note: Intro -- About the Editors -- Historical Development and Perspectives of the Series -- Preface to Volume 17 -- Contents -- Contributors to Volume 17 -- Titles of Volume 1-44 in the Metal Ions in Biological Systems Series -- Contents of Volumes in the Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series -- 1. The Bioinorganic Chemistry of Lead in the Context of Its Toxicity -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Lead Chemistry with Regard to Biochemistry -- 3. History and Manufacturing of Lead-Containing Materials -- 4. Safe Levels of Exposures? -- 5. Regulatory Levels for Lead in Water, Food, and Air -- 6. Transport in Blood and Cellular Uptake -- 7. Lead Toxicity -- 8. Cellular and Molecular Actions -- 9. General Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- Abbreviations -- References -- 2. Biogeochemistry of Lead. Its Release to the Environment and Chemical Speciation -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Geochemistry of Lead -- 3. Mobilization of Lead -- 4. Lead in the Atmosphere -- 5. Lead in the Terrestrial and Freshwater Environment -- 6. Lead in Ocean Waters -- 7. Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- 3. Analytical Methods for the Determination of Lead in the Environment -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sampling -- 3. Spectrophotometry -- 4. X-ray Fluorescence -- 5. Electrochemical Methods -- 6. Atomic Spectroscopy -- 7. Speciation -- Abbreviations -- References -- 4. Smart Capsules for Lead Removal from Industrial Wastewater -- Abstract -- 1. Lead Ion Separation from Wastewater -- 2. Encapsualtion Technology -- 3. Alginate-Based Capsules -- 4. Carbon Nanotubes Core-in-Hematite Capsules -- 5. Polymer Swelling Capsules -- 6. General Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- 5. Lead Speciation in Microorganisms -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Intracellular Metal Speciation Techniques -- 3. Intracellular Metal Localization Techniques -- 4. Lead Speciation in Microorganisms -- 5. Remaining Questions and Future Directions -- Acknowledgment -- Abbreviations -- References -- 6. Human Biomonitoring of Lead Exposure -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Pharmacokinetics -- 3. Biomarkers of Exposure -- 4. Biomarkers of Effect -- 5. Conclusions -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- 7. Solid State Structures of Lead Complexes with Relevance for Biological Systems -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Amino Acid, Small-Peptide, and Protein Complexes -- 3. Nucleic Acid Constituent Complexes -- 4. Simple-Carbohydrate Complexes -- 5. Complexes of Other Biorelevant Ligands -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- Abbreviations -- References -- 8. Lead(II) Complexes of Amino Acids, Peptides, and Other Related Ligands of Biological Interest -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Complexation of Lead(II) -- 3. Lead(II) Complexes of Amino Acids and Derivatives -- 4. Lead(II) Complexes of Hydroxamic Acids, Related Small Ligands, and Hydroxamic Acid Derivatives of Amino Acids -- 5. Complexes of Lead(II) with Small Peptides and Related Ligands -- 6. Complexes of Lead(II) with Thiol-Rich Natural Peptides -- 7. Factors Determining Lead Selectivity against Zinc, Calcium or Cadmium -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- 9. Lead(II) Binding in Metallothioneins -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Metallothioneins and Toxic Metals -- 3. Metallothioneins and Lead -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 10. Lead(II) Binding in Natural and Artificial Proteins -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Lead in Natural Systems -- 3. Lead Chemistry with Designed Proteins -- 4. General Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References. , 11. Complex Formation of Lead(II) with Nucleotides and Their Constituents -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Comparisons of the Properties of Lead(II) with Those of Related Divalent Metal Ions -- 3. Lead(II) Interactions with Hydroxyl Groups and Sugar Residues -- 4. Interactions of Lead(II) with Nucleobase Residues -- 5. Complexes of Lead(II) with Phosphates -- 6. Lead(II) Complexes of Nucleotides -- 7. Lead(II) Binding in Dinucleotides -- 8. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgment -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- 12. The Role of Lead(II) in Nucleic Acids -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Relevant Properties of Lead(II) in Comparison to Other Divalent Metal Ions -- 3. Structures of Lead(II) Binding Sites in Nucleic Acids -- 4. Lead(II) as Hydrolytic Cleavage Agent to Probe Divalent Metal Ion Binding Sites and Single-Stranded RNA Regions -- 5. Lead(II) as Catalytic and Structural Metal Ion -- 6. Concluding Remarks and Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- 13. Historical View on Lead: Guidelines and Regulations -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Historical Views on Lead Toxicity -- 3. Development of Guidelines and Regulations in the U. S -- 4. Development of Guidelines and Regulations Around the World -- 5. Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- References -- 14. Environmental Impact of Alkyl Lead(IV) Derivatives: Perspective after Their Phase-out -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Past -- 3. Current Uses -- 4. Chemistry -- 5. After the Phase-Out -- 6. Lessons and Perspectives -- Abbreviations -- References -- 15. Lead Toxicity in Plants -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction: Environmental Relevance of Lead Toxicity in Plants -- 2. Critical Review of Proposed Mechanisms of Lead Toxicity in Plants -- 3. Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References. , 16. Toxicology of Lead and Its Damage to Mammalian Organs -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Neurotoxicity of Lead -- 3. Immuno- and Hematotoxicity of Lead -- 4. Nephrotoxicity of Lead -- 5. Reproductive Toxicity of Lead -- 6. Osteotoxicity of Lead -- 7. Epidemiological Studies and Variables Associated with Low Blood Lead Levels -- 8. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Subject Index.

Note: i_iv -- v_vi -- vii_viii -- ix_xiv -- xv_xviii -- xix_xx -- xxi_xxx -- 001_032 -- 033_070 -- 071_110 -- 111_152 -- 153_164 -- 165_230 -- 231_266 -- 267_302 -- 303_318 -- 319_364 -- 365_402 -- 403_434 -- 435_464 -- 465_522 -- 523_576.

Note: i_iv -- v_vi -- vii_viii -- ix_xvi -- xvii_xx -- xxi_xxii -- xxiii_xxx -- 001_030 -- 031_050 -- 051_082 -- 083_106 -- 107_154 -- 155_182 -- 183_198 -- 199_238 -- 239_278 -- 279_318 -- 319_352 -- 353_398 -- 399_412 -- 413_440 -- 441_482 -- 483_514.

Note: Intro -- Historical Development and Perspectives of the Series -- Metal Ions in Life Sciences -- Metal Ions in Life Sciences. -- Preface to Volume 16 -- The Alkali Metal Ions: Their Role for Life -- Contents -- Contributors to Volume 16 -- Titles of Volumes 1-44 in the Metal Ions in Biological Systems Series -- Contents of Volumes in the Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series -- Volume 1 Neurodegenerative Diseases and Metal Ions -- Volume 2 Nickel and Its Surprising Impact in Nature -- Volume 3 The Ubiquitous Roles of Cytochrome P450 Proteins -- Volume 4 Biomineralization. From Nature to Application -- Volume 5 Metallothioneins and Related Chelators -- Volume 6 Metal-Carbon Bonds in Enzymes and Cofactors -- Volume 7 Organometallics in Environment and Toxicology -- Volume 8 Metal Ions in Toxicology: Effects, Interactions, Interdependencies -- Volume 9 Structural and Catalytic Roles of Metal Ions in RNA -- Volume 10 Interplay between Metal Ions and Nucleic Acids -- Volume 11 Cadmium: From Toxicity to Essentiality -- Volume 12 Metallomics and the Cell -- Volume 13 Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases -- Volume 14 The Metal-Driven Biogeochemistry of Gaseous Compounds in the Environment -- Volume 15 Sustaining Life on Planet Earth: Metalloenzymes Mastering Dioxygen and Other Chewy Gases -- Volume 16 The Alkali Metal Ions: Their Roles for Life (this book) -- Volume 17 Lead: Its Effects on Environment and Health (in preparation) -- Chapter 1: Bioinorganic Chemistry of the Alkali Metal Ions -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Spectroscopic Techniques and Other Physical Methods -- 3 Lithium -- 3.1 Introduction to the Coordination Chemistry of Li+ -- 3.2 Recent Research Trends Regarding Li+ -- 4 Sodium and Potassium -- 4.1 Introduction to the Coordination Chemistry of Na+ and K+ -- 4.2 Recent Research Trends Regarding Na+ and K+. , 5 Rubidium and Cesium -- 6 Francium -- 7 Conclusions, Outlook, and Further Considerations for Future Studies -- References -- Chapter 2: Determination of Alkali Ions in Biological and Environmental Samples -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Spectrophotometry -- 3 Atomic Spectroscopy -- 4 Ion-Selective Electrodes -- 5 Ion Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis -- 6 Clinical Analysis -- 7 Single Cell Analysis -- 8 Environmental Samples -- 9 General Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Solid State Structures of Alkali Metal Ion Complexes Formed by Low-Molecular-Weight Ligands of Biological Relevance -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Amino Acid and Small Peptide Complexes -- 2.1 Amino Acid Complexes -- 2.2 Small Peptide Complexes -- 3 Nucleic Acid Constituent Complexes -- 3.1 Nucleobase Complexes -- 3.2 Nucleoside Complexes -- 3.3 Nucleotide Complexes -- 3.3.1 Mononucleotide Complexes -- 3.3.2 Dinucleotide Complexes -- 4 Simple-Carbohydrate Complexes -- 5 Naturally Occurring Antibiotic Ionophore Complexes -- 5.1 Channel-Forming Ionophore Complexes -- 5.2 Ion Carrier Ionophore Complexes -- 5.2.1 Depsipeptide Ionophore Complexes -- 5.2.2 Macrotetrolide Ionophore Complexes -- 5.2.3 Polyether Ionophore Complexes -- 6 Concluding Remarks and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 4: Discriminating Properties of Alkali Metal Ions Towards the Constituents of Proteins and Nucleic Acids. Conclusions from Gas-­Phase and Theoretical Studies -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Experimental and Theoretical Methods -- 2.1 Infrared Multiple Photon Dissociation Experiments -- 2.2 Collision-Induced Dissociation Experiments -- 2.3 Other Experimental Approaches -- 2.3.1 Equilibrium Methods -- 2.3.2 Kinetic Method -- 2.3.3 Blackbody Infrared Radiative Dissociation -- 2.3.4 Ion Mobility -- 2.4 Theoretical Calculations -- 3 Alkali Metal Cations Interacting with Amino Acids -- 3.1 Structure. , 3.2 Thermodynamics -- 3.3 Periodic Trends -- 3.4 Effects of Hydration -- 4 Alkali Metal Cations Interacting with Peptides -- 4.1 Structure -- 4.1.1 Di- and Tripeptides -- 4.1.2 Larger Peptides -- 4.2 Thermodynamics -- 5 Alkali Metal Cations Interacting with Nucleobases -- 5.1 Structure -- 5.2 Thermodynamics -- 6 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 5: Alkali Metal Ion Complexes with Phosphates, Nucleotides, Amino Acids, and Related Ligands of Biological Relevance. Their Properties in Solution -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Alkali Metal Ion Complex Formation in Biological Fluids -- 2.1 Alkali Metal Concentration in Different Biofluids -- 2.2 Experimental Determination of Alkali Metal Complex Formation Constants and Calculation Problems -- 3 Inorganic Complexes -- 3.1 Hydroxide -- 3.2 Chloride -- 3.3 Sulfate -- 3.4 Carbonate -- 3.5 Phosphates -- 3.6 Other Inorganic Ligands -- 4 Nucleotide Complexes -- 5 Amino Acid and Peptide Complexes -- 6 Other Ligands of Biological Relevance -- 6.1 Amines -- 6.2 Carboxylates -- 6.3 Thiols -- 6.4 Complexones -- 6.5 Phosphonates -- 6.6 Phenols -- 6.7 Other Ligands -- 7 The Relevance of Alkali Metal Ion Complexes in Modelling Biofluids -- 8 Alkali Metal Ions as Probes in Biological Systems -- 9 General Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Sodium and Potassium Interactions with Nucleic Acids -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Identification of Na+ and K+ Ions in Structural Studies -- 2.1 X-ray Crystallography -- 2.1.1 Na+ Prevalence in Crystal Structures - A Brief Statistical Overview -- 2.1.2 Monovalent Ion Detection Based on Geometrical Considerations -- 2.1.2.1 Coordination Distances -- 2.1.2.2 Coordination Numbers and Coordination Geometry -- 2.1.3 Direct and Indirect Anomalous Signal-Based Approaches -- 2.1.3.1 K+ Anomalous Signals -- 2.1.3.2 Detection Based on K+/Tl+ Replacement. , 2.1.3.3 Detection Based on K+/Rb+ or K+/Cs+ Replacement -- 2.1.4 A Word of Caution -- 2.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance -- 2.2.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Detection of Na+/K+-Induced Effects -- 2.2.2 Prevalence of Na+ over K+ in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Buffers -- 2.3 Molecular Dynamics Simulations -- 3 Non-specific Versus Specific Binding of Na+/K+ Ions -- 3.1 Non-specific Binding of Monovalent Cations to Nucleic Acids -- 3.2 Binding of Monovalent Cations to Nucleic Acid Grooves -- 3.2.1 DNA Duplexes -- 3.2.1.1 Molecular Dynamics Perspective -- 3.2.1.2 Experimental Views -- 3.2.2 RNA Duplexes -- 3.3 Specific Binding of Monovalent Cations to Quadruplex Structures -- 3.3.1 DNA Quadruplexes - A Perfect K+ Coordination Geometry -- 3.3.2 RNA Quadruplex Switches -- 3.4 RNA Folding Needs Monovalent Cations -- 3.5 Specific Binding of Monovalent Cations to Complex RNA Folds -- 3.5.1 First Crystallographic Evidence: The P4-P6 Group I Intron Fragment -- 3.5.2 A Buried Backbone-K+ Complex in a rRNA Fragment -- 3.5.3 Pseudoknots Can Capture Monovalent Cations -- 3.5.4 Small Ribozymes Are Active at High Monovalent Concentrations -- 3.5.4.1 The Hammerhead Ribozyme -- 3.5.4.2 The Hepatitis Delta Virus and Glms Ribozymes -- 3.5.4.3 DNAzymes Are also Influenced by Monovalent Cations -- 3.5.5 Other Systematic and Less Systematic Ion Binding Studies on RNA Systems -- 3.5.5.1 Thirteen Metal Ions in the HIV-1 RNA Dimerization Initiation Site -- 3.5.5.2 Signal Recognition Particle - An Example of K+/Mg2+ Mixed Occupancy -- 3.5.5.3 Riboswitches and Monovalent Ions -- 3.5.5.4 Group I and Group II Introns -- 3.6 Monovalent Cation Influence on the Stability of Protein/DNA Complexes -- 3.7 Ribosomal Activities Are Altered or even Inhibited by Na+ Ions -- 3.8 Are Both Na+ and K+ Involved in Chromatin Compaction? -- 4 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 7: Role of Alkali Metal Ions in G-Quadruplex Nucleic Acid Structure and Stability -- 1 Introduction: G-Quadruplex Nucleic Acids -- 1.1 Overview of Structure -- 1.2 Stabilizing Interactions -- 1.2.1 Stacking -- 1.2.2 Hydrogen Bonding -- 1.3 Alkali Metal Ion Coordination in G-Quartets -- 1.3.1 Cation Preference -- 1.3.2 Cation Binding Energetics -- 1.3.3 Cation Location -- 2 Methods to Study G-Quadruplex Nucleic Acids -- 2.1 Folding Topology -- 2.1.1 X-Ray Crystallography -- 2.1.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 2.1.3 Molecular Modeling -- 2.1.4 Electronic Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy -- 2.1.5 UV Absorption Spectroscopy -- 2.1.6 Separative Techniques -- 2.1.7 Native Mass Spectrometry -- 2.1.8 Miscellaneous -- 2.2 Cation Coordination -- 2.2.1 X-Ray Crystallography -- 2.2.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 2.2.3 Native Mass Spectrometry -- 3 Role of Alkali Metal Ions in G-Quadruplex Stability -- 3.1 Case Study: dTG3-5T Tetramolecular G-Quadruplexes -- 3.2 General Trends -- 3.2.1 Libraries -- 3.2.2 Human Telomeric Sequences -- 3.2.3 Other Sequences and Overview -- 3.2.4 Summary -- 3.3 Kinetics of Strand Association, Dissociation, Folding, and Unfolding -- 3.4 Cation Exchange Mechanisms -- 4 Influence of Alkali Metal Ions on G-Quadruplex Structures -- 4.1 Case Study: The Human Telomeric G-Quadruplex Sequence -- 4.1.1 The Intramolecular Folding of dAGGG(TTAGGG)3 -- 4.1.2 Other Human Telomeric Sequences -- 4.1.3 Summary -- 4.2 Other Sequences -- 4.3 General Trends -- 5 Cation-Dependent Conformational Switching -- 6 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 8: Sodium and Potassium Ions in Proteins and Enzyme Catalysis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Coordination Chemistry of Sodium and Potassium Ions -- 3 Selectivity of Sodium(I) and Potassium(I) Enzyme Activation. , 4 Classification of Sodium(I)- and Potassium(I)-Activated Enzymes.

Note: i-iv -- v-vi -- vii-x -- xi-xvi -- xvii-xviii -- xix -- Ch001r -- Ch002r -- Ch003r -- CH004r -- CH005r -- CH006r -- CH007r -- CH008r -- Ch009r -- CH010r -- CH011r -- CH012r -- 461 -- 497.

Note: i-iv -- v-vi -- vii-x -- xi-xvi -- xvii-xx -- xxi-xxii -- xxiii-xxxii -- 1-36 -- 37-100 -- 101-124 -- 125-140 -- 141-174 -- 175-196 -- 197-234 -- 235-252 -- 253-276 -- 277-298 -- 299-346 -- 347-378 -- 379-392.