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  • MDPI AG  (10)
  • 2015-2019  (10)
  • 1
    In: Remote Sensing, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 11 ( 2018-11-09), p. 1775-
    Abstract: Accurate identification of the spatiotemporal distribution of forest/grassland and cropland is necessary for studying hydro-ecological effects of vegetation change in the Loess Plateau, China. Currently, the accuracy of change detection of land cover using Landsat data in the loess hill and gully areas is seriously affected by insufficient temporal information from observations and irregular fluctuations in vegetation greenness caused by precipitation and human activities. In this study, we propose a method for continuous change detection for two types of land cover, mosaic forest/grassland and cropland, using all available Landsat data. The period with vegetation coverage is firstly identified using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time series. The intra-annual NDVI time series is then developed at a 1-day resolution based on linear interpolation and S-G filtering using all available NDVI data during the period when vegetation types are stable. Vegetation type change is initially detected by comparing the NDVI of intra-annual composites and the newly observed NDVI. Finally, the time of change and classification for vegetation types are determined using decision tree rules developed using a combination of inter-annual and intra-annual NDVI temporal metrics. Validation results showed that the change detection was accurate, with an overall accuracy of 88.9% ± 1.0%, and a kappa coefficient of 0.86, and the time of change was successfully retrieved, with 85.2% of the change pixels attributed to within a 2-year deviation. Consequently, the accuracy of change detection was improved by reducing temporal false detection and enhancing spatial classification accuracy.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-4292
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2513863-7
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  • 2
    In: Polymers, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 3 ( 2019-03-14), p. 499-
    Abstract: A novel orange-yellow-emitting polymethyl methacrylate derivative grafted with cationic iridium(III) complex units was synthesized and used as down-conversion luminescent materials in light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The polymer had a thermal decomposition temperature (Td) of 275 °C. With the temperature increasing from 20 to 100 °C, its photoluminescent intensity decreased to 76.8% with thermal quenching activation energy (Ea) of 0.2775 eV. A series of LEDs was fabricated by 460 nm blue GaN chips and the polymer blended in silicone at different concentrations. At 4.0 wt %, a cold white LED was obtained, the correlated color temperature (CCT) was 10,050 K, color rendering index (CRI) was 71.2, luminous efficiency (ηL) was 5.3 lm·w−1, and Commission Internationale de L’Eclairage (CIE) chromaticity coordinates were (0.30, 0.24). At 5.0 wt.%, the LED emitted neutral white light, its CCT was 4938 K, CRI was 75, ηL was 13.8 lm·w−1, and the CIE value was (0.34, 0.27). At 5.5 wt %, 6.0 wt %, 7.0 wt %, and 8.0 wt %, the LEDs all emitted warm white light; their CCTs were 3446, 3093, 2557, and 2337 K, respectively; their CRIs were 73.6, 71.8, 63.8, and 59.0, respectively; their ηL were 18.1, 16.3, 14.8, and 13.7 lm·w−1, respectively; and their CIE values were (0.36, 0.30), (0.40, 0.35), (0.45, 0.38), and (0.50, 0.42), respectively. At 9.0 wt %, the blue light of GaN chip was completely absorbed by the polymer and only the orange-yellow light of the polymer emitted. The results suggested the polymer was a promising orange-yellow-emitting phosphor candidate for white LEDs, especially for warm white LEDs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4360
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527146-5
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  • 3
    Online Resource
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    MDPI AG ; 2017
    In:  Water Vol. 9, No. 11 ( 2017-11-20), p. 902-
    In: Water, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 11 ( 2017-11-20), p. 902-
    Abstract: Initial conditions (ICs) and climate forecasts (CFs) are the two primary sources of seasonal hydrological forecast skill. However, their relative contribution to predictive skill remains unclear in China. In this study, we investigate the relative roles of ICs and CFs in cumulative runoff (CR) and soil moisture (SM) forecasts using 31-year (1980–2010) ensemble streamflow prediction (ESP) and reverse-ESP (revESP) simulations with the Variable Capacity Infiltration (VIC) hydrologic model. The results show that the relative importance of ICs and CFs largely depends on climate regimes. The influence of ICs is stronger in a dry or wet-to-dry climate regime that covers the northern and western interior regions during the late fall to early summer. In particular, ICs may dominate the forecast skill for up to three months or even six months during late fall and winter months, probably due to the low precipitation value and variability in the dry period. In contrast, CFs become more important for most of southern China or during summer months. The impact of ICs on SM forecasts tends to cover larger domains than on CR forecasts. These findings will greatly benefit future work that will target efforts towards improving current forecast levels for the particular regions and forecast periods.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4441
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2521238-2
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  • 4
    In: Forests, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 6 ( 2018-06-05), p. 329-
    Abstract: Nepal is a country of contrast, with varying altitude, climate and vegetation from the top of high mountains to the tropical forest in low lands. The terrestrial vegetation has rapidly been altered by climate change in Nepal. The spatial and temporal evolution of vegetation and its linkage to climatic variables were analyzed using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) obtained from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensors. A linear regression model and Sen’s slope method were used to estimate NDVI trends and the Pearson correlation between NDVI and climatic variable, i.e., temperature and precipitation were calculated to identify the role of climate in vegetation changes. The carbon dynamics were also measured using a biomass carbon density estimation model. Results showed that NDVI experienced an overall increasing trend in Nepal from 1982–2015. The NDVI significantly increased at the rate of 0.0008 year−1 (p 〈 0.05) with seasonal variation of 0.0004 year−1, p 〉 0.05; 0.0007 year−1, p 〈 0.05; 0.0008 year−1, p 〈 0.05 and 0.0007 year−1, p 〉 0.05 in winter, pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. The NDVI relative change ratio (RCR) was 6.29% during last 34 years in Nepal. The correlation between NDVI and temperature was significantly positive (r = 0.36, p = 0.03), but there was a negative correlation with precipitation (r = −0.21, p = 0.28). Altogether, 82.20% of the study areas showed a positive correlation with temperature in which 34.97% was significant and 69.23% of the area had a negative correlation (16.35% significant, p 〈 0.05) with precipitation. In addition, NDVI-based carbon estimation showed that Nepal’s forest total carbon stock is 685.45 × 106 t C (i.e., an average of 115.392 t C/ha) with an annual carbon sequestration rate of 0.10 t C/ha from 1982–2015. The results suggest that NDVI variation is more sensitive to temperature than precipitation and it is valuable to measure carbon dynamics in Nepal.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4907
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527081-3
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  • 5
    In: Water, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 9 ( 2018-08-29), p. 1155-
    Abstract: In this study, variation characteristics of hydrometeorological factors were explored based on observed time-series data between 1957 and 2010 in four subregions of the Yellow River Basin. For each region, precipitation–streamflow models at annual and flood-season scales were developed to quantify the impact of annual precipitation, temperature, percentage of flood-season precipitation, and anthropogenic interference. The sensitivities of annual streamflow to these three climatic factors were then calculated using a modified elasticity coefficient model. The results presented the following: (1) Annual streamflow exhibited a negative trend in all regions; (2) The reduction of annual streamflow was mainly caused by a precipitation decrease and temperature increase for all regions before 2000, whereas the contribution of anthropogenic interference increased significantly—more than 45%, except for Tang-Tou region after 2000. The percentage of flood-season precipitation variation can also be responsible for annual streamflow reduction with a range of 7.36% (Tang-Tou) to 21.88% (Source); (3) Annual streamflow was more sensitive to annual precipitation than temperature in the humid region, and the opposite situation was observed in the arid region. The sensitivities to intra-annual climate variation increased after 2000 for all regions, and the increase was more significant in Tou-Long and Long-Hua regions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4441
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2521238-2
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  • 6
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 6 ( 2019-06-14), p. 553-
    Abstract: Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) type 2 (GI.2/RHDV2/b) is an emerging pathogen in wild rabbits and in domestic rabbits vaccinated against RHDV (GI.1). Here we report the genome sequence of a contemporary RHDV2 isolate from the Netherlands and investigate the immunogenicity of virus-like particles (VLPs) produced in insect cells. RHDV2 RNA was isolated from the liver of a naturally infected wild rabbit and the complete viral genome sequence was assembled from sequenced RT-PCR products. Phylogenetic analysis based on the VP60 capsid gene demonstrated that the RHDV2 NL2016 isolate clustered with other contemporary RHDV2 strains. The VP60 gene was cloned in a baculovirus expression vector to produce VLPs in Sf9 insect cells. Density-gradient purified RHDV2 VLPs were visualized by transmission electron microscopy as spherical particles of around 30 nm in diameter with a morphology resembling authentic RHDV. Immunization of rabbits with RHDV2 VLPs resulted in high production of serum antibodies against VP60, and the production of cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-4) was significantly elevated in the immunized rabbits compared to the control group. The results demonstrate that the recombinant RHDV2 VLPs are highly immunogenic and may find applications in serological detection assays and might be further developed as a vaccine candidate to protect domestic rabbits against RHDV2 infection.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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  • 7
    In: Coatings, MDPI AG, Vol. 7, No. 12 ( 2017-12-05), p. 223-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-6412
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662314-6
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  • 8
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 18, No. 7 ( 2017-07-17), p. 1546-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 9
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 19, No. 2 ( 2019-01-21), p. 430-
    Abstract: Identification of drought is essential for many environmental and agricultural applications. To further understand drought, this study presented spatial and temporal variations of drought based on satellite derived Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) on annual (Jan–Dec), seasonal monsoon (Jun–Nov) and pre-monsoon (Mar–May) scales from 1982–2015 in Nepal. The Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) obtained from NOAA, AVHRR (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) and climate data from meteorological stations were used. VCI was used to grade the drought, and the Mann–Kendall test and linear trend analysis were conducted to examine drought trends and the Pearson correlation between VCI and climatic factors (i.e., temperature and precipitation) was also acquired. The results identified that severe drought was identified in 1982, 1984, 1985 and 2000 on all time scales. However, VCI has increased at the rate of 1.14 yr−1 (p = 0.04), 1.31 yr−1 (p = 0.03) and 0.77 yr−1 (p = 0.77) on the annual, seasonal monsoon and pre-monsoon scales, respectively. These increased VCIs indicated decreases in drought. However, spatially, increased trends of drought were also found in some regions in Nepal. For instance, northern areas mainly in the Trans-Himalayan regions identified severe drought. The foothills and the lowlands of Terai (southern Nepal) experienced normal VCI, i.e., no drought. Similarly, the Anomaly Vegetation Condition Index (AVCI) was mostly negative before 2000 which indicated deficient soil moisture. The exceedance probability analysis results on the annual time scale showed that there was a 20% chance of occurring severe drought (VCI ≤ 35%) and a 35% chance of occurring normal drought (35% ≤ VCI ≤ 50%) in Nepal. Drought was also linked with climates in which temperature on the annual and seasonal monsoon scales was significant and positively correlated with VCI. Drought occurrence and trends in Nepal need to be further studied for comprehensive information and understanding.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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  • 10
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 3 ( 2019-02-01), p. 761-
    Abstract: River channel occupation has made cities in the mountainous areas more vulnerable to floodwater out of river channels during rapid global urbanization. A better understanding of the influence of river channel occupation on urban flood disasters can serve as a reference in planning effective urban flood control strategies. In this study, taking a flood event that occurred on July 26th, 2017 in a city on the Loess Plateau as an example, field surveys, dynamics detection of the river channel using remote sensing technology, and scenario simulations with a two-dimensional flow and sediment model were utilized to quantitatively analyze the impacts of river channel occupation on urban inundation and sedimentation. The results show that river channel dynamics reduced by construction can be successfully detected using the combination of high-resolution images and Landsat time-series images. The variation of the water level–discharge relationship caused by the narrowing of the river channel and the increase of the flood-water level caused by water-blocking bridges/houses result in a significant reduction of the flood discharge capacity. The contribution of the narrowing of the river channel was 72.3% for the total area inundated by floodwater, whereas 57.2% of urban sedimentation was caused by the construction of bridges/houses within the river channel. Sustainable flood mitigation measures were also recommended according to the investigations and research findings in this study in order to reduce the social, environmental and economic damages caused by floods.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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