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  • 1
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: 58 S.
    Edition: 3. Aufl.
    ISBN: 3528082828
    Uniform Title: Le Système International d'Unités 〈dt.〉
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    Language: German
    Note: Aus d. Franz. übers
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Dementia ; Brain circulation ; Brain metabolism ; Metabolism of the brain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer retrospektiven Studie wurde bei 115 dementen Patienten im Alter von 40 bis 83 Jahren das Verhalten der Durchblutung und des oxydativen Stoffwechsels des Gehirns unter deskriptiv-statistischen und funktionellen Aspekten untersucht und geprüft, ob das Lebensalter einen determinierenden Einfluß auf die Hirndurchblutung, die nach Kety u. Schmidt gemessen wurde, den cerebralen Sauerstoff- und Glucoseverbrauch hat. Es ergab sich bei dementen Patienten, daß 1. die Werte der Hirndurchblutung insgesamt nicht Gauß-verteilt sind. Einem offenbar Gauß-verteilten Kollektiv mit erniedrigter Durchblutung stehen mindestens zwei mit normaler bzw. erhöhter Durchblutung gegenüber. 2. der cerebrale Sauerstoffverbrauch bei Patienten mit erniedrigter Hirndurchblutung ebenfalls erniedrigt ist. Die Werte sind offenbar Gauß-verteilt. Bei Patienten mit normaler oder erhöhter Hirndurchblutung liegt keine Gauß-Verteilung des cerebralen Sauerstoffverbrauchs vor, der entweder heabgesetzt oder normal bis leicht erhöht sein kann. 3. die cerebrale Glucoseaufnahme weder bei Patienten mit erniedrigter noch bei Patienten mit normaler oder erhöhter Durchblutung eine Gauß-Verteilung aufweist. Beide Verteilungskurven sind mehrgipflig, d. h., die Glucoseaufnahme kann entweder erniedrigt, normal oder erhöht sein. 4. Die nachgewiesene Inhomogenität der Durchblutung, des Sauerstoffverbrauchs und der Glucoseaufnahme des Gehirns deutet darauf hin, daß bei der Demenz pathophysiologisch bzw. pathobiochemisch ganz unterschiedliche Schädigungsmuster vorliegen können. 5. Im vorliegenden Patientengut konnte ein Einfluß des Lebensalters auf Durchblutung und oxydativen Stoffwechsel des Gehirns bei der Demenz nicht gesichert werden.
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate how the blood flow and oxidative metabolism of the brain was changed in dementia and the influence of the age factor. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured in 115 patients aged from 40 to 83 years by means of the Kety-Schmidt technique with the modification of Bernsmeier and Siemons. The cerebral metabolic rates of oxygen and CO2 were determined by the van Slyke method and by gaschromatography respectively and of glucose and lactate by standard enzymatic methods. All cases of dementia due to head injuries, cerebral infections, cerebral infarctions, exogenous or endogenous intoxications or circulatory diseases were excluded from this study, but no classification of the dementias was made. Statistical calculations were carried out by means of the analysis of variance for a two-way design. Cerebral blood flow did not show a normal distribution curve but was at least triphasic; CBF in demented patients was either lower than normal, normal or higher than normal. The distribution curves showed further that low cerebral blood flow of mean 32.5 ml/100 g min coincided with a low CMR oxygen of 2.50 ml/100 g min; however, CMR glucose was either low (2.50 mg/100 g min), or nearly normal (4.50 mg/100 g min) or elevated (7.50 mg/100 g min). A normal (45.0 ml/100 g min) or enhanced (62.5 ml/100 g min) CBF correlated with a CMR oxygen which was either decreased to 2.75 ml/100 g min or increased to 4.75 ml/100 g min; CMR glucose was either decreased to 1.50 mg/100 g min, or nearly normal (4.50 mg/100 g min), or was elevated to 6.50 and 10.50 mg/100 g min with respect to the peaks of the distribution curves. It is assumed that the variability of the findings with respect to the blood flow and oxidative metabolism of the brain in dementia is due to different pathophysiological and pathobiochemical disturbances in the brain. A significant influence of age on CBF and metabolism in patients with dementia was not found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2015-04-02
    Description: It is 45 years since a pleural effusion from a patient with metastatic breast cancer led to the generation of the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. MCF-7 is the most studied human breast cancer cell line in the world, and results from this cell line have had a fundamental impact upon breast cancer research and patient outcomes. But of the authors for the nearly 25000 scientific publications that used this cell line, how many know the unique story of its isolation and development? In this commentary we will review the past, present, and future of research using MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2105
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: IntroductionBreast cancer in premenopausal women (preM) is frequently associated with worse prognosis compared to that in postmenopausal women (postM), and there is evidence that preM estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) tumors may respond poorly to endocrine therapy. There is, however, a paucity of studies characterizing molecular alterations in premenopausal tumors, a potential avenue for personalizing therapy for this group of women. Methods: Using TCGA and METABRIC databases, we analyzed gene expression, copy number, methylation, somatic mutation, and reverse-phase protein array data in breast cancers from 〉2,500 preM and postM women. Results: PreM tumors showed unique gene expression compared to postM tumors, however, this difference was limited to ER+ tumors. ER+ preM tumors showed unique DNA methylation, copy number and somatic mutations. Integrative pathway analysis revealed that preM tumors had elevated integrin/laminin and EGFR signaling, with enrichment for upstream TGFβ-regulation. Finally, preM tumors showed three different gene expression clusters with significantly different outcomes. Conclusion: Together these data suggest that ER+ preM tumors have distinct molecular characteristics compared to ER+ postM tumors, particularly with respect to integrin/laminin and EGFR signaling, which may represent therapeutic targets in this subgroup of breast cancers.
    Print ISSN: 1465-5411
    Electronic ISSN: 1465-542X
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by BioMed Central
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2016-03-16
    Description: Purpose: Aromatase inhibitors can exert unfavorable effects on lipid profiles; however, previous studies have reported inconsistent results. We describe the association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in candidate genes with lipid profiles in women treated with adjuvant aromatase inhibitors. Experimental Design: We conducted a prospective observational study to test the associations between SNPs in candidate genes in estrogen signaling and aromatase inhibitor metabolism pathways with fasting lipid profiles during the first 3 months of aromatase inhibitor therapy in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer randomized to adjuvant letrozole or exemestane. We performed genetic association analysis and multivariable linear regressions using dominant, recessive, and additive models. Results: A total of 303 women had complete genetic and lipid data and were evaluable for analysis. In letrozole-treated patients, SNPs in CYP19A1 , including rs4646, rs10046, rs700518, rs749292, rs2289106, rs3759811, and rs4775936 were significantly associated with decreases in triglycerides by 20.2 mg/dL and 39.3 mg/dL ( P 〈 0.00053), respectively, and with variable changes in high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) from decreases by 4.2 mg/dL to increases by 9.8 mg/dL ( P 〈 0.00053). Conclusions: Variants in CYP19A1 are associated with decreases in triglycerides and variable changes in HDL-C in postmenopausal women on adjuvant aromatase inhibitors. Future studies are needed to validate these findings, and to identify breast cancer survivors who are at higher risk for cardiovascular disease with aromatase inhibitor therapy. Clin Cancer Res; 22(6); 1395–402. ©2015 AACR .
    Print ISSN: 1078-0432
    Electronic ISSN: 1557-3265
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2016-07-28
    Description: Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-directed eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) phosphorylation promotes cap-dependent translation and tumorigenesis. During mitosis, cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) substitutes for mTOR and fully phosphorylates 4E-BP1 at canonical sites (T37, T46, S65, and T70) and the noncanonical S83 site, resulting in a mitosis-specific hyperphosphorylated...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2016-10-15
    Description: Purpose: The current study evaluated associative effects of breast cancer cells with the tumor microenvironment and its influence on tumor behavior. Experimental Design: Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue and matched protein lysates were evaluated from two independent breast cancer patient datasets (TCGA and MD Anderson). Reverse-phase protein arrays (RPPA) were utilized to create a proteomics signature to define breast tumor subtypes. Expression patterns of cell lines and normal breast tissues were utilized to determine markers that were differentially expressed in stroma and cancer cells. Protein localization and stromal contents were evaluated for matched cases by imaging. Results: A subtype of breast cancers designated "Reactive," previously identified by RPPA that was not predicted by mRNA profiling, was extensively characterized. These tumors were primarily estrogen receptor (ER)-positive/human EGF receptor (HER)2-negative, low-risk cancers as determined by enrichment of low-grade nuclei, lobular or tubular histopathology, and the luminal A subtype by PAM50. Reactive breast cancers contained high numbers of stromal cells and the highest extracellular matrix content typically without infiltration of immune cells. For ER-positive/HER2-negative cancers, the Reactive classification predicted favorable clinical outcomes in the TCGA cohort (HR, 0.36; P 〈 0.05). Conclusions: A protein stromal signature in breast cancers is associated with a highly differentiated phenotype. The stromal compartment content and proteins are an extended phenotype not predicted by mRNA expression that could be utilized to subclassify ER-positive/HER2-negative breast cancers. Clin Cancer Res; 22(20); 5068–78. ©2016 AACR .
    Print ISSN: 1078-0432
    Electronic ISSN: 1557-3265
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2017-10-17
    Description: Many estrogen receptor α (ERα)–positive breast cancers develop resistance to endocrine therapy via mutation of ERs whose constitutive activation is associated with shorter patient survival. Because there is now a clinical need for new antiestrogens (AE) against these mutant ERs, we describe here our development and characterization of three chemically novel AEs that effectively suppress proliferation of breast cancer cells and tumors. Our AEs are effective against wild-type and Y537S and D538G ERs, the two most commonly occurring constitutively active ERs. The three new AEs suppressed proliferation and estrogen target gene expression in WT and mutant ER-containing cells and were more effective in D538G than in Y537S cells and tumors. Compared with WT ER, mutants exhibited approximately 10- to 20-fold lower binding affinity for AE and a reduced ability to be blocked in coactivator interaction, likely contributing to their relative resistance to inhibition by AE. Comparisons between mutant ER–containing MCF7 and T47D cells revealed that AE responses were compound, cell-type, and ERα-mutant dependent. These new ligands have favorable pharmacokinetic properties and effectively suppressed growth of WT and mutant ER–expressing tumor xenografts in NOD/SCID-γ mice after oral or subcutaneous administration; D538G tumors were more potently inhibited by AE than Y537S tumors. These studies highlight the differential responsiveness of the mutant ERs to different AEs and make clear the value of having a toolkit of AEs for treatment of endocrine therapy–resistant tumors driven by different constitutively active ERs. Cancer Res; 77(20); 5602–13. ©2017 AACR.
    Print ISSN: 0008-5472
    Electronic ISSN: 1538-7445
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2018-08-16
    Description: Inhibition of histone lysine-specific demethylase 1 elicits breast tumor immunity and enhances antitumor efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade Inhibition of histone lysine-specific demethylase 1 elicits breast tumor immunity and enhances antitumor efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade, Published online: 15 August 2018; doi:10.1038/s41388-018-0451-5 Inhibition of histone lysine-specific demethylase 1 elicits breast tumor immunity and enhances antitumor efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade
    Print ISSN: 0950-9232
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: The angiotensin II receptor AGTR1, which mediates vasoconstrictive and inflammatory signaling in vascular disease, is overexpressed aberrantly in some breast cancers. In this study, we established the significance of an AGTR1-responsive NFκB signaling pathway in this breast cancer subset. We documented that AGTR1 overexpression occurred in the luminal A and B subtypes of breast cancer, was mutually exclusive of HER2 expression, and correlated with aggressive features that include increased lymph node metastasis, reduced responsiveness to neoadjuvant therapy, and reduced overall survival. Mechanistically, AGTR1 overexpression directed both ligand-independent and ligand-dependent activation of NFκB, mediated by a signaling pathway that requires the triad of CARMA3, Bcl10, and MALT1 (CBM signalosome). Activation of this pathway drove cancer cell–intrinsic responses that include proliferation, migration, and invasion. In addition, CBM-dependent activation of NFκB elicited cancer cell–extrinsic effects, impacting endothelial cells of the tumor microenvironment to promote tumor angiogenesis. CBM/NFκB signaling in AGTR1+ breast cancer therefore conspires to promote aggressive behavior through pleiotropic effects. Overall, our results point to the prognostic and therapeutic value of identifying AGTR1 overexpression in a subset of HER2-negative breast cancers, and they provide a mechanistic rationale to explore the repurposing of drugs that target angiotensin II–dependent NFκB signaling pathways to improve the treatment of this breast cancer subset.Significance: These findings offer a mechanistic rationale to explore the repurposing of drugs that target angiotensin action to improve the treatment of AGTR1-expressing breast cancers. Cancer Res; 78(5); 1225–40. ©2017 AACR.
    Print ISSN: 0008-5472
    Electronic ISSN: 1538-7445
    Topics: Medicine
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