Note: From the Contents: IntroductionHistory -- Geography -- Physical Oceanography -- Introduction -- Circulation -- Water masses -- Inflow-outflow system -- Air-Sea Interaction -- High frequency variation -- Remote Sensing -- Chemical Oceanography -- Introduction -- Nutrients and dissolved oxygen -- Carbon cycle.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Abbreviations -- 1 General Introduction -- Abstract -- 1.1 Geography and Topography -- 1.2 History of Hydrographic Surveys -- 1.3 CREAMS Program -- 1.3.1 Important Findings Before CREAMS -- 1.3.2 CREAMS Studies -- 1.3.2.1 Important Discovery I: Oceanic Structures -- 1.3.2.2 Important Discovery II: Dramatic Structural Changes in the East Sea -- 1.3.3 Globalization of East Sea Studies -- 1.3.3.1 The Birth of CREAMS-II -- 1.3.3.2 CREAMSPICES EAST (East Asian Seas Time Series)-I Program -- 1.3.3.3 IPCC 4th Report and Nobel Peace Prize, 2007 -- 1.3.4 Concluding Remarks -- 1.4 Recent Observational Programs -- 1.4.1 Surface Drifters -- 1.4.2 Argo (Array for Real-Time Geostrophic Oceanography) -- 1.4.3 Moored Current Observations -- 1.4.4 Satellite Oceanography -- References -- 2 Forcings -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Surface Wind -- 2.2.1 Accuracy of Satellite Scatterometer Wind Vectors -- 2.2.2 Spatial and Temporal Variability of Near-Surface Winds -- 2.2.3 Wind Stress and Its Curl -- 2.3 Surface Heat Flux -- 2.3.1 Comparison of Heat Flux Estimates -- 2.3.2 Temporal Variations -- 2.3.3 Spatial Distribution -- 2.4 Boundary Flux -- 2.4.1 Korea Strait -- 2.4.2 Tsugaru Strait and Soya Strait -- 2.4.3 Long-Term Variability -- 2.5 Summary and Discussion -- References -- 3 Water Masses and Their Long-Term Variability -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Sea Surface Temperature and Mixed Layer Depth -- 3.2.1 Sea Surface Temperature -- 3.2.2 Surface Front -- 3.2.3 Mixed Layer Depth -- 3.3 Water Masses -- 3.3.1 Upper Ocean Water Masses -- 3.3.1.1 Tsushima Warm Water -- 3.3.2 Intermediate Waters -- 3.3.2.1 East Sea Intermediate Water -- 3.3.2.2 High Salinity Intermediate Water -- 3.3.2.3 North Korea Cold Water -- 3.3.2.4 Korea Strait Bottom Cold Water -- 3.3.3 Central Water, Deep Water, and Bottom Water. , 3.4 Long-Term Variability of Water Properties -- 3.4.1 Water Masses in Change -- 3.4.2 Interannual and Decadal Variation of the Upper Ocean -- 3.4.2.1 Upper Ocean Temperature -- 3.4.2.2 Sea Surface Height -- 3.5 Summary and Remaining Questions -- References -- 4 Circulation -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Near-Surface Circulation -- 4.2.1 Mean Surface Current -- 4.2.2 Variability of the Surface Current and the Subpolar Front -- 4.2.3 Coastal Upwelling -- 4.3 Mesoscale Eddies -- 4.3.1 Characteristics of Eddies -- 4.3.2 Evolution of the Ulleung Warm Eddy -- 4.4 Thermohaline Circulation -- 4.4.1 Rates of Water Mass Formation -- 4.4.2 Deep Currents and Circulation -- 4.4.2.1 Mean Currents -- 4.4.2.2 Temporal Variability -- 4.5 Dynamical Aspects -- 4.5.1 How Is the Tsushima Warm Current Driven? -- 4.5.2 How Are the Branches of the Tsushima Warm Current Formed? -- 4.5.3 What Is the Role of Local Forcing? -- 4.5.4 How Is the Deep Layer Circulation Driven? -- 4.6 Numerical Modeling Studies of Circulation -- 4.6.1 Numerical Simulations -- 4.6.2 Data Assimilation and Forecasting Systems -- 4.7 Summary and Discussion -- References -- 5 High-Frequency Variability: Basin-Scale Oscillations and Internal WavesTides -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Basin-Scale Oscillations -- 5.2.1 Observations -- 5.2.2 Analytic Model and Applications -- 5.3 Surface and Internal Tides -- 5.3.1 Observations -- 5.3.2 Models and Applications -- 5.4 Near-Inertial Oscillations -- 5.4.1 Observations -- 5.4.2 Generation and Propagation of Near-Inertial Waves -- 5.5 Nonlinear Internal Waves -- 5.5.1 Observations -- 5.5.2 Generation and PropagationRefraction of Nonlinear Internal Waves -- 5.6 Conclusion and Remaining Issues -- References -- 6 Dissolved Oxygen and Nutrients -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Dissolved Oxygen -- 6.2.1 History of DO Measurements. , 6.2.2 Vertical Structure of DO Profile -- 6.2.3 Trend of DO Inventory in the Bottom Layer -- 6.2.4 Projecting DO Inventory in Relation to Climate Change -- 6.3 Nutrients -- 6.3.1 History of Nutrient Studies -- 6.3.2 Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Nutrients -- 6.3.3 Factors Controlling Nutrient Concentrations in the Surface Layer -- 6.3.4 Major Research Topics Involving Nutrients -- 6.4 Summary and Future Challenges -- References -- 7 Natural and Anthropogenic Carbon Cycling -- Abstract -- 7.1 Inorganic Carbon Cycling -- 7.1.1 Introduction -- 7.1.2 Ocean Carbonate Chemistry -- 7.1.3 Methods for Estimation of the Oceanic Anthropogenic CO2 Content -- 7.1.4 Distribution of CO2 Variables (TA, DIC, and pH) -- 7.1.5 Dynamics of Anthropogenic CO -- 7.1.6 Acidification of Seawater and Saturation State of Aragonite and Calcite -- 7.2 Organic Carbon Cycling -- 7.2.1 Introduction -- 7.2.2 Primary Production -- 7.2.3 Particulate Organic Carbon Flux -- 7.2.4 Particulate Organic Carbon Budget in the Water Column -- 7.2.5 Dissolved Organic Carbon Cycling -- 7.3 Summary and Remaining Issues -- References -- 8 Uranium Series Radionuclides -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Thorium Isotopes -- 8.3 Radium Isotopes -- 8.4 Lead and Polonium Isotopes -- References -- 9 Distribution of Chemical Elements in Sediments -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Organic and Inorganic Carbon and Silica -- 9.2.1 Distribution of Organic Carbon -- 9.2.2 Distributions of Calcium Carbonate and Silica -- 9.3 Metals -- 9.3.1 Aluminum -- 9.3.2 Iron -- 9.3.3 Manganese and Other Trace Elements -- 9.3.4 Redox Cycling of Manganese and Iron -- 9.3.5 Sources and Geochemical Features of Sediments -- 9.4 Summary -- References -- 10 Phytoplankton and Primary Production -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Chlorophyll a. , 10.2.1 Spatial and Seasonal Variability Based on SeaWiFS Observations -- 10.2.2 Shipboard Measurements -- 10.2.3 Measurements of Algal Pigments -- 10.3 Distribution of Micro- and Nano-Phytoplankton Abundance and Harmful Algal Blooms -- 10.3.1 Korean Coastal Waters -- 10.3.2 Russian Coastal Waters -- 10.3.3 Japanese Coastal Waters -- 10.3.4 Offshore Waters -- 10.3.5 Harmful Algal Blooms -- 10.4 Distribution of Picophytoplankton -- 10.4.1 Picophytoplankton Abundance -- 10.4.2 Picocyanobacterial Diversity -- 10.5 Species Composition -- 10.6 The Relationship Between Phytoplankton and Environmental Factors -- 10.7 Overview of Primary Production Studies -- References -- 11 Microbial Ecology and Biogeochemical Processes in the Ulleung Basin -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Microbiological Oceanography -- 11.2.1 Microbiological Parameters Associated with Coastal Upwelling and UWE -- 11.2.2 Role of Bacteria in Biogeochemical Carbon Cycles -- 11.3 Benthic Biogeochemical Processes -- 11.3.1 High Benthic Carbon Oxidation Rates in the Ulleung Basin -- 11.3.2 Major Carbon Oxidation Pathways -- 11.4 Composition of Prokaryotes -- 11.4.1 Composition of Culture-Dependent Prokaryotes -- 11.4.2 Composition of Culture-Independent Prokaryotes -- References -- 12 Zooplankton -- Abstract -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Species Composition of Mesozooplankton -- 12.2.1 Cnidaria and Mollusca -- 12.2.2 Arthropoda -- 12.2.2.1 Branchiopoda and Ostracoda -- 12.2.2.2 Copepoda -- 12.2.2.3 Malacostraca -- 12.2.3 Chaetognatha -- 12.2.4 Chordata-Tunicata -- 12.3 Abundance Distribution -- 12.3.1 Spatio-Temporal Distributions of Zooplankton Abundance -- 12.3.2 Abundance Distributions of Major Zooplankton Taxa -- 12.3.3 Distribution of Major Zooplankton Taxa in Local Areas -- 12.4 Patterns of Interest and Trophic Role of Microzooplankton -- 12.4.1 Subpolar Front. , 12.4.2 Upwelling Area -- 12.4.3 Korea Strait -- 12.4.4 Diel Vertical Migration -- 12.4.5 Trophic Role of Microzooplankton -- References -- 13 Fish and Fisheries -- Abstract -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Fish Species and Habitat -- 13.2.1 Species -- 13.2.2 Distribution and Habitat -- 13.3 Fisheries -- 13.3.1 Korean Commercial Fisheries -- 13.3.1.1 Yields -- 13.3.1.2 Types of Fisheries -- 13.3.1.3 Species Composition -- 13.3.1.4 Mean Trophic Level -- 13.3.1.5 Important Fisheries -- 13.3.2 Japanese Commercial Fisheries -- 13.3.3 Climate Change and Its Impacts on Fish and Fisheries -- 13.3.3.1 Capture Fishery in Korean Waters -- 13.3.3.2 Capture Fishery in Japanese Waters -- 13.3.3.3 Aquaculture -- 13.3.3.4 Invasive Species -- 13.3.4 Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Assessment and Management Issues -- 13.4 Suggestions -- References -- 14 Benthic Animals -- Abstract -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Local Scale Macrofauna Distributions -- 14.2.1 Southwestern Coasts -- 14.2.2 Northwestern Coasts -- 14.2.3 Dokdo (Dok Island) -- 14.3 Large Scale Macrobenthic Fauna Communities -- 14.3.1 Southwestern Shelf Area -- 14.3.2 Southwestern Shelf and Slope Area -- 14.3.3 Western Slope Area -- 14.3.4 North Bathyal and Abyssal Area -- 14.4 Ocean Dumping Areas -- 14.5 Summary and Further Study -- References -- 15 Marine Mammals -- Abstract -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 The Historic Records of Whales in Korean Waters -- 15.3 Marine Mammals -- 15.3.1 Cetacean -- 15.3.1.1 Baleen Whales -- Northern Right Whale (Eubalaena japonica) -- Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus) -- Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) -- Minke Whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) -- Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) -- Gray Whale (Eschrichtius robustus) -- 15.3.1.2 Toothed Whales -- Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus) -- Baird's Beaked Whale (Berardius bairdii) -- Stejneger's Beaked Whale (Mesoplodon stejnegeri). , Killer Whale (Orcinus orca).