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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    In situ airborne measurements of atmospheric and sea surface parameters related to offshore wind parks in the German Bight
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2020
    In:  Earth System Science Data Vol. 12, No. 2 ( 2020-04-27), p. 935-946
    Details
    In: Earth System Science Data, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 12, No. 2 ( 2020-04-27), p. 935-946
    Abstract: Abstract. Between 6 September 2016 and 15 October 2017, meteorological measurement flights were conducted above the German Bight in the framework of the project WIPAFF (Wind Park Far Field). The scope of the measurements was to study long-range wakes with an extent larger than 10 km behind entire wind parks, and to investigate the interaction of wind parks and the marine atmospheric boundary layer. The research aircraft Dornier 128 of the Technische Universität (TU) Braunschweig performed in total 41 measurement flights during different seasons and different stability conditions. The instrumentation consisted of a nose boom with sensors for measuring the wind vector, temperature and humidity, and additionally sensors for characterizing the water surface, a surface temperature sensor, a laser scanner and two cameras in the visible and infrared wavelength range. A detailed overview of the aircraft, sensors, data post-processing and flight patterns is provided here. Further, averaged profiles of atmospheric parameters illustrate the range of conditions. The potential use of the data set has been shown already by first publications. The data are publicly available in the world data centre PANGAEA (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.902845; Bärfuss et al., 2019a).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1866-3516
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/essd-12-935-2020
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2475469-9
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  • 2
    Online Resource
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    Coastal impacts on offshore wind farms – a review focussing on the German Bight area
    Schweizerbart ; 2022
    In:  Meteorologische Zeitschrift Vol. 31, No. 4 ( 2022-10-13), p. 289-315
    Details
    In: Meteorologische Zeitschrift, Schweizerbart, Vol. 31, No. 4 ( 2022-10-13), p. 289-315
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0941-2948
    Uniform Title: Coastal impacts on offshore wind farms – a review focussing on the German Bight area
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1127/metz/2022/1109
    RVK:
    UA 5450
    Language: English , English
    Publisher: Schweizerbart
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 511391-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2045168-4
    SSG: 14
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  • 3
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    Optimisation of Parameters in a German Bight Circulation Model by 4DVAR Assimilation of Current and Water Level Observations
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2021
    In:  Frontiers in Marine Science Vol. 8 ( 2021-7-29)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Marine Science, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 8 ( 2021-7-29)
    Abstract: Uncertain parameters in a 3D barotropic circulation model of the German Bight are estimated with a variational optimisation approach. Surface current measurements from a high frequency (HF) radar are used in combination with acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) and tide gauge observations as input for a 4DVAR assimilation scheme. The required cost function gradients are estimated using an adjoint model code. The focus of the study is on systematic errors of the model with the control vector including parameters of the bathymetry, bottom roughness, open boundary forcing, meteorological forcing as well as the turbulence model. The model uses the same bathymetry, open boundary forcing, and metereological forcing as the operational model run at the Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH). The baroclinic BSH model is used as a reference to put the performance of the optimised model into perspective. It is shown that the optimised model has better agreement with HF radar data and tide gauge observations both within the fortnight training period and the test period 1 month later. Current profile measurements taken at two platforms indicate that both models have comparable error magnitudes at those locations. The optimised model was also compared with independent drifter data. In this case, drifter simulations based on the BSH model and the respective operational drift model including some surface wave effects were used as a reference. Again, these comparison showed very similar results overall, with some larger errors of the tuned model in very shallow areas, where no observations were used for the tuning and surface wave effects, which are only explicitly considered in the BSH model, play a more important role. The tuned model seems to be slightly more dissipative than the BSH model with more energy entering through the western boundary and less energy leaving toward the north. It also became evident that the 4DVAR cost function minimisation process is complicated by momentum advection, which leads to non-differentiable dependencies of the model with respect to the control vector. It turned out that the omission of momentum advection in the adjoint code still leads to robust estimates of descent directions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2296-7745
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.648266
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2757748-X
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    CMEMS-Based Coastal Analyses: Conditioning, Coupling and Limits for Applications
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2021
    In:  Frontiers in Marine Science Vol. 8 ( 2021-3-24)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Marine Science, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 8 ( 2021-3-24)
    Abstract: Recent advances in numerical modeling, satellite data, and coastal processes, together with the rapid evolution of CMEMS products and the increasing pressures on coastal zones, suggest the timeliness of extending such products toward the coast. The CEASELESS EU H2020 project combines Sentinel and in-situ data with high-resolution models to predict coastal hydrodynamics at a variety of scales, according to stakeholder requirements. These predictions explicitly introduce land discharges into coastal oceanography, addressing local conditioning, assimilation memory and anisotropic error metrics taking into account the limited size of coastal domains. This article presents and discusses the advances achieved by CEASELESS in exploring the performance of coastal models, considering model resolution and domain scales, and assessing error generation and propagation. The project has also evaluated how underlying model uncertainties can be treated to comply with stakeholder requirements for a variety of applications, from storm-induced risks to aquaculture, from renewable energy to water quality. This has led to the refinement of a set of demonstrative applications, supported by a software environment able to provide met-ocean data on demand. The article ends with some remarks on the scientific, technical and application limits for CMEMS-based coastal products and how these products may be used to drive the extension of CMEMS toward the coast, promoting a wider uptake of CMEMS-based predictions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2296-7745
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.604741
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2757748-X
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Airborne LiDAR Measurements of Sea Surface Properties in the German Bight
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ; 2021
    In:  IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Vol. 59, No. 6 ( 2021-6), p. 4608-4617
    Details
    In: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Vol. 59, No. 6 ( 2021-6), p. 4608-4617
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0196-2892 , 1558-0644
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1109/TGRS.2020.3017861
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2027520-1
    SSG: 16,13
    SSG: 13
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Fit-for-Purpose Information for Offshore Wind Farming Applications—Part-I: Identification of Needs and Solutions
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Vol. 11, No. 8 ( 2023-08-21), p. 1630-
    Details
    In: Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 8 ( 2023-08-21), p. 1630-
    Abstract: The rapid expansion of offshore wind farms (OWFs) in European seas is accompanied by many challenges, including efficient and safe operation and maintenance, environmental protection, and biodiversity conservation. Effective decision-making for industry and environmental agencies relies on timely, multi-disciplinary marine data to assess the current state and predict the future state of the marine system. Due to high connectivity in space (land–estuarial–coastal sea), socioeconomic (multi-sectoral and cross-board), and environmental and ecological processes in sea areas containing OWFs, marine observations should be fit for purpose in relation to multiple OWF applications. This study represents an effort to map the major observation requirements (Part-I), identify observation gaps, and recommend solutions to fill those gaps (Part-II) in order to address multi-dimension challenges for the OWF industry. In Part-I, six targeted areas are selected, including OWF operation and maintenance, protection of submarine cables, wake and lee effects, transport and security, contamination, and ecological impact assessments. For each application area, key information products are identified, and integrated modeling–monitoring solutions for generating the information products are proposed based on current state-of-the-art methods. The observation requirements for these solutions, in terms of variables and spatial and temporal sampling needs, are therefore identified.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-1312
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jmse11081630
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2738390-8
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Offshore wind farm wake recovery: Airborne measurements and its representation in engineering models
    Wiley ; 2020
    In:  Wind Energy Vol. 23, No. 5 ( 2020-05), p. 1249-1265
    Details
    In: Wind Energy, Wiley, Vol. 23, No. 5 ( 2020-05), p. 1249-1265
    Abstract: We present an analysis of wind measurements from a series of airborne campaigns conducted to sample the wakes from two North Sea wind farm clusters, with the aim of determining the dependence of the downstream wind speed recovery on the atmospheric stability. The consequences of the stability dependence of wake length on the expected annual energy yield of wind farms in the North Sea are assessed by an engineering model. Wakes are found to extend for significantly longer downstream distances ( 〉 50 km) in stable conditions than in neutral and unstable conditions (  15 km). The parameters of one common engineering model are modified to reproduce the observed wake decay at downstream distances  30 km. More significant effects on the energy yield are expected for wind farms separated by distances  30 km, which is generally the case in the North Sea, but additional data would be required to validate the suggested parameter modifications within the engineering model. A case study is accordingly performed to show reductions in the farm efficiency downstream of a wind farm. These results emphasize not only the importance of understanding the impact of atmospheric stability on offshore wind farms but also the need to update the representation of wakes in current industry models to properly include wake‐induced energy losses, especially in large offshore clusters.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1095-4244 , 1099-1824
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/we.v23.5
    DOI: 10.1002/we.2484
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2024840-4
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Evaluation of a simple analytical model for offshore wind farm wake recovery by in situ data and Weather Research and Forecasting simulations
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Wind Energy Vol. 24, No. 3 ( 2021-03), p. 212-228
    Details
    In: Wind Energy, Wiley, Vol. 24, No. 3 ( 2021-03), p. 212-228
    Abstract: The recovery of offshore wind farm wakes in the German Bight was analyzed by a unique in situ data set, measured on‐board the research aircraft Dornier Do‐128 during the WIPAFF project in 2016 and 2017. These observations were used to validate a simple analytical wake recovery model in five case studies. The observed recovery rates were compared with the results of the mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The airborne data show that the wake recovery can be described by an exponential function as expected by the analytical model and strengthens the hypothesis that the vertical downward moment flux has an important influence on the wake recovery. However, the predicted wake recovery rates (by the analytical model) do not always fully agree with the observations. Although, as a first‐order approximation, the model seems to perform well, further optimization has to be implemented to account for wind park layout, turbine induced turbulence, and horizontal momentum flux. WRF simulations reveal an exponential recovery, although the mesoscale model does not reproduce the correct atmospheric conditions for most of the cases. Therefore, the wake recovery rates estimated by WRF disagree with the measured data in most of the studied cases.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1095-4244 , 1099-1824
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/we.v24.3
    DOI: 10.1002/we.2568
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2024840-4
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    The Impact of Offshore Wind Farms on Sea State Demonstrated by Airborne LiDAR Measurements
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Vol. 9, No. 6 ( 2021-06-10), p. 644-
    Details
    In: Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 6 ( 2021-06-10), p. 644-
    Abstract: The increasing number of wind farms installed in the North Sea has an impact on the downstream wind speed. This has been hypothesized as well for sea state properties. Wave effects can be expected in particular in fetch-limited conditions with offshore wind directions. With systematic flights deploying an airborne laser scanner, these impacts are shown directly for the first time. The flights were conducted perpendicular to the main wind direction upstream and downstream of the cluster of the offshore wind parks Amrumbank West, Nordsee Ost, and Meerwind Süd/Ost. The flight legs covered the area potentially influenced by the wind parks and the undisturbed area next to the wind parks. The analysis of the spectral energy distribution shows a re-distribution of the wave energy in the downstream area with enhanced energy at smaller wavelengths. The effect is still clearly visible at a distance of 55 km. As the sea surface constitutes the link between the atmosphere and the ocean, it is very likely that wind parks modify the properties of the water column as well.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-1312
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jmse9060644
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2738390-8
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fit-for-Purpose Information for Offshore Wind Farming Applications—Part-II: Gap Analysis and Recommendations
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Vol. 11, No. 9 ( 2023-09-18), p. 1817-
    Details
    In: Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 9 ( 2023-09-18), p. 1817-
    Abstract: Offshore wind energy installations in coastal areas have grown massively over the last decade. This development comes with a large number of technological, environmental, economic, and scientific challenges, which need to be addressed to make the use of offshore wind energy sustainable. One important component in these optimization activities is suitable information from observations and numerical models. The purpose of this study is to analyze the gaps that exist in the present monitoring systems and their respective integration with models. This paper is the second part of two manuscripts and uses results from the first part about the requirements for different application fields. The present solutions to provide measurements for the required information products are described for several European countries with growing offshore wind operations. The gaps are then identified and discussed in different contexts, like technology evolution, trans-European monitoring and modeling initiatives, legal aspects, and cooperation between industry and science. The monitoring gaps are further quantified in terms of missing observed quantities, spatial coverage, accuracy, and continuity. Strategies to fill the gaps are discussed, and respective recommendations are provided. The study shows that there are significant information deficiencies that need to be addressed to ensure the economical and environmentally friendly growth of the offshore wind farm sector. It was also found that many of these gaps are related to insufficient information about connectivities, e.g., concerning the interactions of wind farms from different countries or the coupling between physical and biological processes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-1312
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jmse11091817
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2738390-8
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