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  • 1
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    Il rischio sismico, le scienze polari e gli strumenti per la divulgazione scientifica nei progetti di alternanza scuola lavoro all’INGV dal 2015 al 2019 (2021)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-25
    Description: Il presente lavoro raccoglie alcune esperienze di Progetti di Alternanza Scuola Lavoro (d’ora in poi ASL) realizzati dall’INGV negli anni scolastici dal 2015 al 2019 e dedicati al rischio sismico, alle scienze polari ed agli strumenti per la divulgazione scientifica. Le esperienze descrivono il lavoro realizzato da un gruppo di ricercatori INGV con competenze in diversi ambiti disciplinari (sismologia, geologia, vulcanologia fisica dell’atmosfera, psicologia) e in alcuni casi le attività sono state svolte in collaborazione con ricercatori di altri enti. Il gruppo di lavoro è composto da ricercatori che da molti anni dedicano parte del loro tempo-lavoro alle attività di divulgazione scientifica, ai progetti educativi, alla didattica della scienza. In una parola a quella che oggi rappresenta, per gli enti di ricerca, la “Terza missione”, ovvero l’insieme di tutte le attività finalizzate a creare una connessione bidirezionale tra il mondo della ricerca e la società. Ciò che ha caratterizzato l’approccio dei ricercatori INGV ai progetti ASL, sia nella fase di progettazione che di realizzazione, è la finalità di consentire agli studenti di vivere un’esperienza reale ed immersiva in un contesto di lavoro. E quindi l’opportunità di sperimentare capacità e abilità che caratterizzano il contesto organizzativo (diritti, doveri, responsabilità, impegni, regole), diversamente dal mondo della scuola. Il secondo aspetto al quale ci si è riferiti nella realizzazione dei progetti è quello di consentire agli studenti di esplorare, in particolare il contesto delle attività lavorative connesse al mondo della ricerca. Da questo punto di vista gli studenti hanno potuto acquisire conoscenze in ambiti tematici specifici, hanno avuto modo di sperimentare metodi e tecniche proprie del mondo della ricerca e di acquisire capacità e abilità trasversali come il lavoro in gruppo. Il contributo è organizzato in tre capitoli in relazione ai temi affrontati nei progetti. Nel primo sono riportate le schede dei tre progetti dedicate al tema Terremoto; nel secondo vengono descritti i due progetti dedicati alla Divulgazione Scientifica e nel terzo un progetto sulle Scienze Polari. Per rendere maggiormente fruibile la lettura, ogni progetto viene descritto attraverso una scheda sintetica che evidenza le caratteristiche principali: titolo, referenti INGV, studenti partecipanti, periodo, descrizione delle attività, obiettivi e considerazioni sull’esperienza. Nel capitolo conclusivo viene proposto un bilancio delle esperienze realizzate, evidenziando punti di forza e aree di miglioramento dei progetti, con la finalità di condividere suggerimenti ed idee per tracciare percorsi formativi maggiormente efficaci nel futuro.
    Description: Published
    Description: 119-131
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Percorsi formativi; rischio sismico; scienze polari ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Geological evidence for recurrent collapse-driven phreatomagmatic pyroclastic density currents in the Holocene activity of Stromboli volcano, Italy (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-06
    Description: We present a multidisciplinary geological study of lithified to unconsolidated, ash-rich lapilli-tuff deposits bearing accretionary lapilli that crop out in scattered sites along the lower slopes of the Stromboli volcano (southern Italy). These deposits are related to three pyroclastic successions (called Semaforo Nuovo, Secche di Lazzaro and Semaforo Labronzo) with distinctive lithologic and volcanologic features, and different stratigraphic position within the Neostromboli volcano-stratigraphy (Holocene). Their juvenile clasts have slightly different major and trace element compositions (whole-rock and glass), isotopic ratios and mineralogical characteristics, although they are all within the most evolved high-K shoshonites typical of Neostromboli. The three successions are independently recognized in distinct sectors of the volcano, displaying an asymmetric areal distribution that is interpreted as the result of directed pyroclastic density currents (and minor fallout) generated fromsummit eruptive vents. Lithological characteristics and morphoscopic features of ash particles indicate phreatomagmatic fragmentation (combined with mechanisms of volatile exsolution or decompression), which is atypical with respect to the dominant Strombolian/effusive eruptive behaviour of Stromboli during the Holocene. We suggest that the three phreatomagmatic eruptions are linked to different major lateral collapses (associated to flank fissure eruptions) that occurred along theNW-dipping Sciara del Fuoco collapsed flank. It is argued that the collapses have unloaded the magmatic and hydrothermal system enabling magma-water interaction and explosive decompression of a shallow magma reservoir. The recurrent collapse-eruption link with generation of directed PDCs able to reach the lower slopes of the volcano highlights a previously underestimated source of volcanic hazard at Stromboli.
    Description: Published
    Description: 81-102
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
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    Eruptive history and magmatic evolution of the island of Salina (central Aeolian archipelago) (2020)
    Geological society of London memoir 32
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-06
    Description: Stratigraphic, structural, volcanological and geochemical data allow a detailed reconstruction of the geological history of the island of Salina (central Aeolian sector). Its subaerial volcanism (c. 244 ka to 15.6 ka) developed through six successive Eruptive Epochs interrupted by major quiescence periods, volcano-tectonic collapses and recurrent episodes of marine terrace formation during MIS 7 and MIS 5. Several stratovolcanoes were constructed by strombolian and effusive (Pizzo Capo, Monte Rivi, Monte Fossa delle Felci, Monte dei Porri) to hydromagmatic and subplinian (Monte dei Porri, Pollara) activity, with a general east–west shift of active vents, controlled primarily by the dominant NNW–SSE and minor NE–SW regional tectonic trends, and a progressive chemical differentiation of the erupted products from calc-alkaline basalts to rhyolites. The magma compositions and variations through time are the result of contamination of primary magmas derived from a subduction-modified mantle source with the Calabro–Peloritano lower crust and subsequent differentiation dominated by polybaric fractional crystallization. Magma mixing and mingling processes occurred during individual eruptions. The early basalts were fed from deep reservoirs located near the crust–mantle boundary, whereas the later andesitic to dacitic and, ultimately, rhyolitic magmas originated through combined assimilation and fractional crystallization processes in magma reservoirs at mid- to upper-crustal levels.
    Description: Published
    Description: 155-211
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 4
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    Volcanic hazard in Italy: a variegated landscape (2022)
    Consorcio de Compensación de Seguros
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
    Description: Southern Italy is one of the most active tectonic and volcanic settings in the Mediterranean area, comprising persistently active and dormant volcanoes. As we write, two volcanoes feature a persistent eruptive activity: Stromboli, belonging to the Aeolian Archipelago, in the Tyrrhenian Sea, and Etna, along the Eastern coast of Sicily. Both volcanoes are usually characterized by mild explosivity featuring the launch of pyroclasts near the vent, occasional lava flows and lava fountains up to several hundreds of meters. This kind of activity may culminate in the development of eruptive columns, which may reach up to 10-15 thousand meters, in the case of Etna.
    Description: Published
    Description: 23-35
    Description: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Volcanic hazard ; Osservatorio Vesuviano ; INGV ; Osservatorio Etneo ; Etna ; Vesuvio ; Campi Flegrei ; Ischia ; Stromboli ; Vulcano ; Volcanic hazard in Italy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
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    The summer 2019 basaltic Vulcanian eruptions (paroxysms) of Stromboli (2022)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-25
    Description: Stromboli is an active, open conduit mafic volcano, whose persistent mild Strombolian activity is occasionally punctuated by much stronger explosions, known as paroxysms. During summer 2019, the volcano unexpectedly produced one such paroxysm on July 3, followed by intense explosive and intermittent effusive activity culminating in a second paroxysm on August 28. Visual observations and the analysis of the fall deposits associated with the two paroxysms allowed us to reconstruct ballistic exit velocities of up to 160 m s−1. Plume heights of ~ 8.4 km and 6.4 km estimated for the two events correspond to mass eruption rates of 1.1 x 10 6 kg s−1 and 3.6 x 105 kg s−1, respectively. This is certainly an underestimate as directional pyroclastic flows into which mass was partitioned immediately formed, triggering small tsunamis at the sea entrance. The mass of ballistic spatters and blocks erupted during the July 3 event formed a continuous cover at the summit of the volcano, with a mass calculated at ~ 1.4 x 10 8 kg. The distribution of fall deposits of both the July 3 and August 28 events suggests that pyroclasts characterized by terminal fall velocities 〈 10–20 m s−1 remained fully suspended within the convective region of the plume and did not fall at distances closer than ca 1700 m to the vent. Based on the impulsive, blast-like phenomenology of paroxysms as well as the deposit distribution and type, paroxysms are classified as basaltic Vulcanian in style. The evolution of the summer 2019 eruptive events was not properly captured within the framework of the alert level system which is focused on tsunamigenic processes, and this is discussed so as to provide elements for the implementation of the reference scenarios and an upgrade of the system to take into account such events. In particular we find that, although still largely unpredictable, at least at operational time scales, and not necessarily tsunamigenic, Vulcanian eruptions and the subsequent evolution of the eruptive phenomena should be considered for the alert level system. This serves as a warning to the implementation of alert systems where the unexpected needs to be taken into account, even at systems that are believed to be relatively “predictable” as is the case at many persistently active, open vent mafic systems.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Vulcanian eruptions ; Paroxysm ; Strombolian eruptions ; Ballistic ejecta ; Eruption plume ; Volcanic hazard
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 6
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    A K-feldspar–liquid hygrometer specific to alkaline differentiated magmas (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-08
    Description: We present a K-feldspar-liquid hygrometer specific to alkaline differentiated magmas that is calibrated through the regression analysis of sanidine and anorthoclase crystals coexisting with trachyte and phonolite melts. Partial-regression leverage plots were used to determine the minimum number of regression parameters that closely describe the variance of the dataset. The derived model was tested using K-feldspar-liquid pairs not included into the calibration dataset in order to address issues of systematic errors. When K-feldspar and plagioclase crystals coprecipitate from the same alkaline liquid under identical P-T-X-fO(2)-H2O conditions, the ability prediction of the new hygrometer is comparable to that of previous plagioclase-liquid models. To minimize the error of H2O estimate caused by the inadvertent use of disequilibrium data in natural samples, we have also calibrated a new test for equilibrium based on Or-Ab exchange between K-feldspar and coexisting melt. As an immediate application for both equilibrium and hygrometer models, we used as input data K-feldsparliquid pairs from alkaline explosive eruptions at the Phlegrean Fields. The estimates of H2O dissolved in natural trachyte and phonolite magmas closely match those determined by melt inclusion analysis and H2O solubility modeling. This leads to the conclusion that our new models can significantly contribute to a better quantitative characterization of the H2O content in differentiated alkaline magmas feeding large-volume explosive eruptions. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-8
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 7
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    Decoding multiple zoning patterns in clinopyroxene phenocrysts at Vulcano Island: A record of dynamic crystallization through interconnected reservoirs (2021)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-15
    Description: Here we document how the different growth features and intracrystalline distributions of both major and trace cations in clinopyroxene phenocrysts are important recorders of the intricate magma dynamics at Vulcano Island (Aeolian Arc, Italy). The compositions of clinopyroxene phenocrysts from products erupted over the last ~54 ka cluster at different degrees of evolution, paralleling the polybaric-polythermal differentiation of mantle-derived mafic magmas into more evolved silicic melts. The hotter lower crust is the most favorable location for the storage of mafic magmas and the early crystallization of diopsidic (Mg#91) clinopyroxene (Pmax ≈ 750 MPa and Tmax ≈ 1220 °C). Diopsidic phenocrysts are depleted in both rare earth elements (REE) and high field strength elements (HFSE) but are enriched in transition elements (TE). The transfer and accumulation of primitive magmas in the colder upper crustal regions lead to the formation of an interconnected series of more differentiated magmatic reservoirs (P ≈ 100–450 MPa and T ≈ 1100–1180 °C) hosting discrete populations of clinopyroxene (Mg#84–85) with a broad spectrum of zonations and dissolution features. Recharge bands in clinopyroxene are markers of multiple inputs of primitive REE-HFSE-poor, TE-rich magmas from depth. Augitic phenocrysts (Mg#82) with strong negative Eu anomaly and REE + HFSE enrichments crystallizes from highly differentiated trachytic and rhyolitic melts stored at very shallow crustal conditions (P ≤ 50 MPa and T ≤ 1100 °C). These silicic reservoirs represent residual melts trapped-extracted from crystal-dominated mush regions in the uppermost part of the plumbing system. The residence time of clinopyroxene increases from ∼0.1 to ∼44 years from basalt to rhyolite, together with an increasing number of recharge bands. The mineral assemblage in more silicic and viscous mush melts is sufficiently resilient to record numerous mafic injections and high degrees of magma mixing, hybridization, and crystallization before eruption. Overall, the compositional zoning pattern of clinopyroxene presents a picture of plumbing system that extends through the crust and is characterized by distributions of melts and crystals which are progressively more evolved and heterogeneous in both space and time.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106517
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 8
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    Eruptive, volcano-tectonic and magmatic history of the Stromboli volcano (north-eastern Aeolian archipelago) (2020)
    Geological society of London memoir 37
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-06
    Description: Stromboli is famous for its persistent volcanic activity consisting of periodic discrete explosions alternating with lava effusion and more violent explosions. This paper presents a detailed reconstruction of the geological history of Stromboli and description of the characteristics and distribution of the volcanic units and structural features. Six main growth stages (Eruptive Epochs 1–6), in addition to the c. 200 ka activity of Strombolicchio, are recognized between c. 85 ka and the present day, displaying a magma composition ranging from calc-alkaline to potassic series which usually varies with changing Eruptive Epochs. The Epochs are subdivided into sequences of eruptions and characterized by dominant central-vent summit activity with episodic phases of flank activity along fissures and eccentric vents. The activity was repeatedly interrupted by erosional and destructive phases driven by recurrent vertical caldera-type (cc1–5) and sector (and flank) collapses (sc1–7) and generally associated with significant quiescences. The different serial character of the Stromboli rocks is associated with largely variable trace element contents and isotope ratios. These petrochemical characteristics together with our new stratigraphy indicate that magmas, generated in a heterogeneous mantle wedge, underwent complex differentiation processes during their ascent. Magmas are characterized by polybaric evolution residing in small magma reservoirs that are alternatively tapped by the different collapses.
    Description: Published
    Description: 397-471
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Keywords: 04. Solid Earth ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 9
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    Eruptions and Social Media: Communication and Public Outreach About Volcanoes and Volcanic Activity in Italy (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-16
    Description: Italy is the land of iconic volcanoes, whose activity has been witnessed, described and portrayed for centuries. This legacy has greatly contributed to shaping the public perception of volcanoes and their impact, well beyond the national borders. Stories about famous eruptions overlap and nowadays easily mix up with the impressive footage that is readily available from ongoing eruptions worldwide. As a result, the public discourse may flatten the wide spectrum of possible phenomena into an oversimplified sketch of volcanic eruptions and their impact, where all events seem equally probable and look alike. Actual volcanoes differ in size, eruption magnitude, state of activity, eruptive style, geographical position, and each is located within a specific social and cultural context. All these elements combine in defining the consequences of volcanic activity as well as in determining the severity of the damage and the size of the impacted area. How can we convey such a complexity to the general public? Can social media contribute to raise awareness and build a more resilient society? An effective hazard communication should propose a comprehensible yet realistic description of volcanic settings and provide adequate tools to recognize and understand the specific features of each phenomenon and volcanic area. As we write, two Italian volcanoes display persistent eruptive activity, while other two are going through unrest phases that started in 2012, at Campi Flegrei, and in late summer of 2021, at Vulcano Island. Other active volcanoes (Vesuvius, Ischia, Colli Albani, Lipari, and Pantelleria) have been dormant for tens, hundreds, or thousands of years. Communication in these different contexts also require different approaches that take into account the specific needs of local communities. Social media may provide a unique opportunity to quickly share relevant news and information. Yet, this type of communication has its challenges and volcano observatories can rarely rely on expert social media managers. Sharing experiences and lessons learned is a key to ensure the growth of the volcanological community and improve its ability to connect and engage local residents. Here we discuss the online communication strategies implemented by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) since 2018 to inform Internet and social media users about volcanoes, volcanology, and ongoing volcanic activity, both in Italy and abroad. We describe the internal procedures that we developed and practiced and the experience gathered so far, during both quiet periods and a few volcanic crises. Our experience confirms previous indications about the importance of a steady online presence and suggests that public interest is not always easily predictable.
    Description: Published
    Description: 926155
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Description: 3TM. Comunicazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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