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  • 2005-2009  (1)
  • 1995-1999  (10)
  • 1998  (10)
  • 1
    Book
    Book
    The Bunker climate atlas of the North Atlantic Ocean (1985-)
    Berlin [u.a.] : Springer
    Details Availability
    Keywords: Atlas ; Atlantischer Ozean Nord ; Klima
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: English
    Note: Erschienen: 1 (1985) - 2 (1987)
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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  • 2
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    Evaporation over the Baltic Sea as an example of a semi-enclosed sea (1998)
    Deutsche Meteorologische Gesellschaft
    In:  Contributions to atmospheric physics, 71 (2). pp. 249-261.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-25
    Description: Evaporation is a major term in the energy and water cycle of the Baltic Sea. Wide areas of a semienclosed sea like the Baltic Sea belong to the coastal zone, which is a transition zone from the different roughnesses and thermal properties of the open sea and the land surfaces. This causes that wind speeds in coastal areas are generally lower than over the open sea for the same geostrophic wind speeds somewhat dependent on the wind direction relative to the coast. Furthermore the evaporation is hampered by ice, which covers parts of the Baltic Sea during winter time and is more prevalent near the coast. Sea ice and the influence of the coast on the wind speed reduce evaporation by up to about 7 to 8% each. The resulting evaporation is of the same order as previous estimates and shows similar spatial and temporal patterns, but uncertainties remain. It is shown that these depend mainly on the boundary layer parameterization used to calculate the evaporation.
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - without review
  • 3
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    North Atlantic Wind Waves and Wind Stress Fields from Voluntary Observing Ship Data (1998)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 28 . pp. 1107-1129.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: On the basis of the collection of individual marine observations available from the Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set, major parameters of the sea state were evaluated. Climatological fields of wind waves and swell height and period, as well as significant wave height and resultant period are obtained for the North Atlantic Ocean for the period from 1964 to 1993. Validation of the results against instrumental records from National Data Buoy Center buoys and ocean weather station measurements indicate relatively good agreement for wave height and systematic biases in the visually estimated periods that were corrected. Wave age, which is important for wind stress estimates, was evaluated form wave and wind observations. The climatology of wave age indicates younger waves in winter in the North Atlantic midlatitudes and Tropics. Wave age estimates were applied to the calculations of the wind stress using parameterizations from field experiments. Differences between wave-age-based and traditional estimates are not negligible in wintertime in midlatitudes and Tropics where wave-induced stress contributes from 5% to 15% to the total stress estimates. Importance of the obtained effects for ocean circulation and climate variability is discussed.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028〈1107:NAWWAW〉2.0.CO;2
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 4
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    Measuring rain and rain drop size distribution at sea (1998)
    WMO
    In:  [Paper] In: Technical conference on meteorological and environmental instruments and methods of observations (TECO-98), 13.-15.05.1998, Casablanca, Morocco ; pp. 365-368 .
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    OceanRep: Conference paper
  • 5
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    Evaporation over the Baltic Sea (1998)
    International BALTEX Secretariat
    In:  [Paper] In: Second study conference on the Baltic Sea Experiment, 25.-29.05.1998, Geesthacht, Germany . Conference Proceedings of the Second Study Conference on BALTEX ; pp. 28-29 .
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-20
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Conference paper
  • 6
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    In situ Messungen von maritimen Niederschlagsspektren in verschiedenen Klimagebieten (1998)
    Deutscher Wetterdienst
    In:  [Paper] In: Deutsche Meteorologen-Tagung, 14.-18.09.1998, Leipzig, Germany ; pp. 283-284 .
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-02
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Conference paper
  • 7
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    Comparison of in situ measurements and model forecasts of precipitation over the Baltic Sea (1998)
    International BALTEX Secretariat
    In:  [Paper] In: Second Study Conference on BALTEX, 25.-29.05.1998, Juliusruh, Island of Rügen, Germany ; pp. 56-57 .
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-26
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Conference paper
  • 8
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    Comparison of ship gauge and radar precipitation measurements over the Baltic Sea (1998)
    International BALTEX Secretariat
    In:  [Paper] In: Second study conference on the Baltic Sea Experiment, 25.-29.05.1998, Geesthacht, Germany . Conference Proceedings of the Second Study Conference on BALTEX ; p. 49 .
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-20
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    OceanRep: Conference paper
  • 9
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    An optical drop size disdrometer for use in high wind speeds (1998)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 15 . pp. 1051-1059.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-04
    Description: A new optical disdrometer has been developed that is optimized for use in high wind speeds, for example, on board ships. The minimal detectable size of droplets is 0.35 mm. Each drop is measured separately with regard to its size and residence time within the sensitive volume. From the available information, the drop size distribution can be calculated with a resolution of 0.05 mm in diameter either by evaluation of the residence time of drops or by drop counting knowing the local wind. Experience shows that using the residence time leads to better results. Rain rates can be determined from the droplet spectra by assuming terminal fall velocity of the drops according to their size. Numerical modeling of disdrometer measurements has been performed, allowing the study of the effect of multiple occupancy of the sensitive volume and grazing incidences on disdrometer measurements. Based on these studies an iterative procedure has been developed to eliminate the impact of these effects on the calculated drop size distributions. This technique may also be applied to any other kind of disdrometer. Long-term simultaneous measurements of the disdrometer and a conventional rain gauge have been used to validate this procedure.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0426(1998)015〈1051:AODFUI〉2.0.CO;2
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 10
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    A ship rain gauge for use in high wind speeds. (1998)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-07
    Description: A ship rain gauge has been developed that can be used under high wind speeds such as those experienced by ships at sea. The instrument has an improved aerodynamic design and an additional lateral collecting surface, which is effective especially with high wind speeds. The ship rain gauge has been calibrated at sea against a specially designed optical disdrometer. An accuracy of 2%–3% has been obtained for 6-hourly sums. The ship rain gauge has also successfully been tested at a test site of the German Weather Service and presently is used on research vessels and voluntary observing ship.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
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