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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Enantioselective determination of plasma protein binding of common amphetamine-type stimulants
    Elsevier BV ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis Vol. 205 ( 2021-10), p. 114317-
    Details
    In: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Elsevier BV, Vol. 205 ( 2021-10), p. 114317-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0731-7085
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114317
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2021
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    SSG: 15,3
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Acetylation of intrinsically disordered regions regulates phase separation
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2019
    In:  Nature Chemical Biology Vol. 15, No. 1 ( 2019-1), p. 51-61
    Details
    In: Nature Chemical Biology, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 15, No. 1 ( 2019-1), p. 51-61
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1552-4450 , 1552-4469
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1038/s41589-018-0180-7
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2019
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    SSG: 12
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Determination of the enantiomeric composition of amphetamine, methamphetamine and 3,4‐methylendioxy‐ N ‐methylamphetamine (MDMA) in seized street drug samples from southern Germany
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Drug Testing and Analysis Vol. 14, No. 3 ( 2022-03), p. 557-566
    Details
    In: Drug Testing and Analysis, Wiley, Vol. 14, No. 3 ( 2022-03), p. 557-566
    Abstract: Amphetamine ( speed ), methamphetamine ( crystal meth ), and 3,4‐methylenedioxy‐N‐methylamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy ) represent the most frequently abused amphetamine‐type stimulants (ATS). Differences in pharmacological potency and metabolism have been shown for the enantiomers of all three stimulants. Legal consequences in cases of drug possession may also differ according to the German law depending on the enantiomeric composition of the seized drug. Therefore, enantioselective monitoring of seized specimens is crucial for legal and forensic casework. Various kinds of samples of amphetamine ( n  = 143), MDMA ( n  = 94), and methamphetamine ( n  = 528) that were seized in southern Germany in 2019 and 2020 were analyzed for their chiral composition using different chromatographic methods. Whereas all samples of amphetamine and MDMA were racemic mixtures, the chiral composition of the methamphetamine specimens was diverse. Although the vast majority ( n  = 502) was present as (S)‐methamphetamine, also specimens containing pure (R)‐methamphetamine ( n  = 7) were found. Furthermore, few samples ( n  = 8) were of racemic nature or contained non‐racemic mixtures of both enantiomers ( n  = 10). Because methamphetamine appears in varying enantiomeric compositions, any seizure should be analyzed using an enantioselective method. Amphetamine and MDMA, on the other hand, currently appear to be synthesized exclusively via racemic pathways and are not chirally purified. Nevertheless, regular monitoring of the chiral composition should be ensured.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1942-7603 , 1942-7611
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/dta.v14.3
    DOI: 10.1002/dta.3118
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
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    SSG: 15,3
    SSG: 31
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Chiral pharmacokinetics of tetramisole stereoisomers—Enantioselective quantification of levamisole and dexamisole in serum samples from users of adulterated cocaine
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Drug Testing and Analysis Vol. 14, No. 6 ( 2022-06), p. 1053-1064
    Details
    In: Drug Testing and Analysis, Wiley, Vol. 14, No. 6 ( 2022-06), p. 1053-1064
    Abstract: Phenyltetrahydroimidazothiazole (PTHIT, tetramisole) is the most frequently used adulterant of cocaine and exists in the two enantiomeric forms levamsiole (S) and dexamisole (R). Existing studies show diverse fractions of samples containing enantiopure levamsiole, levamisole‐enriched mixtures, and racemic tetramisole as adulterant. However, blood samples have never been enantioselectively tested for PTHIT. Because enantiomers are usually metabolized stereoselectively, chiral analysis of blood samples can help estimate the time of drug use, provided that a racemic substance is ingested. Therefore, an enantioselective liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method was developed using a chiral column. Validation of the method was carried out for methanolic substance samples as well as serum samples and showed satisfactory selectivity, sensitivity, linearity (0.05–100 ng/mL), precision, and accuracy; 151 cocaine samples seized in Germany between 2018 and 2021 were analyzed. Most (94%, n  = 48) of the 51 PTHIT‐positive samples contained racemic tetramsiole, whereas there were two samples containing levamisole‐enriched mixtures and one sample containing nearly enantiopure levamisole. Furthermore, 157 cocaine and/or benzoylecgonine‐positive forensic serum samples were tested with cocaine‐positive samples showing the highest frequency of PTHIT detection (43%). All positive samples contained either dexamisole alone or (R)/(S)‐concentration ratios 〉 1 (1.05–70.6). Finally, a self‐administration study was conducted with three subjects taking 10 mg of racemic tetramisole each. Although peak concentrations and corresponding times did not differ significantly between the enantiomers, dexamisole showed significantly longer apparent elimination half‐lives (7.02–10.0 h) than levamisole (2.87–4.77 h). The resulting steadily increasing (R)/(S)‐ratios can therefore be helpful in estimating the time of cocaine consumption.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1942-7603 , 1942-7611
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/dta.v14.6
    DOI: 10.1002/dta.3227
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2462344-1
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    SSG: 31
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Detectability of cannabinoids in the serum samples of cannabis users: Indicators of recent cannabis use? A follow‐up study
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Drug Testing and Analysis Vol. 13, No. 9 ( 2021-09), p. 1614-1626
    Details
    In: Drug Testing and Analysis, Wiley, Vol. 13, No. 9 ( 2021-09), p. 1614-1626
    Abstract: Forensic toxicologists are frequently required to predict the time of last cannabis consumption. Several studies suggested the utility of minor cannabinoids as indicators of recent cannabis use. Because several factors influence blood cannabinoid concentrations, the interpretation of serum cannabinoid concentrations remains challenging. To assess the informative value of serum cannabinoid levels in cannabis users (in total N  = 117 patients, including 56 patients who stated an exact time of last cannabis use within 24 h before blood sampling), the detectability of cannabinoids, namely, delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (delta‐9‐THC), 11‐hydroxy‐delta‐9‐THC, 11‐nor‐9‐carboxy‐delta‐9‐THC, cannabichromene (CBC), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), cannabidivarin, tetrahydrocannabivarin, cannabigerol (CBG), cannabicyclol, delta‐8‐THC, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A, cannabichromenic acid, cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabigerolic acid, cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA), 11‐nor‐9‐carboxy‐THCV (THCVCOOH), and 11‐nor‐CBN‐9‐COOH, was investigated. Excluding CBDA and CBLA, all investigated cannabinoids were detected in at least one analyzed sample. The interval between cannabis consumption and sample collection (reported by the patients) was not correlated with cannabinoid concentrations. Minor cannabinoids tended to be more easily detected in samples obtained shortly after consumption. However, some samples tested positive for minor cannabinoids despite an interval of several hours or even days between consumption and sampling (according to patients' statements). For instance, CBC, CBG, THCVCOOH, CBD, and CBN in certain cases could be detected more than 24 h after the last consumption of cannabis. Thus, findings of minor cannabinoids should always be interpreted with caution.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1942-7603 , 1942-7611
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/dta.v13.9
    DOI: 10.1002/dta.3110
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2462344-1
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Analysis of tetramisole metabolites – Is “Aminorex” found in forensic samples of cocaine users actually 4‐phenyl‐2‐imidazolidinone?
    Wiley ; 2023
    In:  Drug Testing and Analysis Vol. 15, No. 8 ( 2023-08), p. 865-878
    Details
    In: Drug Testing and Analysis, Wiley, Vol. 15, No. 8 ( 2023-08), p. 865-878
    Abstract: Phenyltetrahydroimidazothiazole (PTHIT, tetramisole) is a common adulterant in cocaine samples. Little is known about its human metabolism. p ‐hydroxy‐PTHIT has long been the only proven phase‐I‐metabolite. Another putative metabolite is the stimulant aminorex. However, data on its analytical proof is rare and contradictory. Even less known is its constitutional isomer 4‐phenyl‐2‐imidazolidinone which has only been proven in animal samples so far. The aim of the study was to get insight into the metabolism of PTHIT after controlled nasal uptake of PTHIT and in real forensic cocaine/benzoylecgonine‐positive samples. A liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method was validated for quantification of 4‐phenyl‐2‐imidazolidinone and p ‐hydroxy‐PTHIT (LOQ 0.05 ng/ml each). Selectivity was ensured for 4‐phenyl‐2‐imidazolidinone and aminorex (LOD 0.05 ng/ml). After controlled nasal uptake of tetramisole (10 mg, n = 3) a shorter half‐life for p ‐hydroxy‐PTHIT (3.4–5.8 h) was determined than for 4‐phenyl‐2‐imidazolidinone (14.0–15.9 h). p ‐hydroxy‐PTHIT (33%) and 4‐phenyl‐2‐imidazolidinone (51%) were also detected in serum samples from cocaine users tested previously positive for PTHIT (n = 73). Aminorex was never detected. The potential of misinterpreting 4‐phenyl‐2‐imidazolidinone as aminorex was tested using a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method used in the literature and an in‐house liquid chromatography‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC‐QTOF) screening‐method. Using GC–MS the analysed bis‐trimethylsilyl‐derivatives cannot be differentiated due to co‐elution. Both substances were chromatographically separated using the LC‐QTOF method, but library comparison workflows misinterpreted 4‐phenyl‐2‐imidazolidinone as aminorex. It seems likely that aminorex, which was allegedly identified as a metabolite of PTHIT in samples of cocaine users in previous studies, is in fact 4‐phenyl‐2‐imidazolidinone.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1942-7603 , 1942-7611
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/dta.v15.8
    DOI: 10.1002/dta.3482
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2462344-1
    SSG: 15,3
    SSG: 31
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