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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Digit Ratio (2D:4D) in Twins: Heritability Estimates and Evidence for a Masculinized Trait Expression in Women from opposite-Sex Pairs
    SAGE Publications ; 2007
    In:  Psychological Reports Vol. 100, No. 1 ( 2007-02), p. 115-126
    Details
    In: Psychological Reports, SAGE Publications, Vol. 100, No. 1 ( 2007-02), p. 115-126
    Abstract: The second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is sexually dimorphic in humans, such that men on average have a lower 2D:4D than women. This somatic trait has been proposed as a biomarker for the organizational (permanent) effects of prenatal testosterone on the brain and behavior. Over the past few years, an accumulating research program has shown 2D:4D to be related to a multitude of sex-dependent, hormonally influenced psychological and behavioral traits. The present study investigated the 2D:4D ratio of 44 men and 70 women from 36 identical and 21 fraternal twin pairs. Both basic and advanced approaches for estimating heritability concordantly suggested that the trait is substantially heritable. The best-fitting structural equation model indicated that the contributions to individual differences in 2D:4D are 81% additively genetic, 19% nonshared environmental, and 0% shared environmental. Supplemental analyses showed that, consistent with a prediction from sex-hormone transfer theory, women from opposite-sex fraternal twin pairs had significantly lower (more male-typical) 2D:4D than women from same-sex fraternal twin pairs. Directions for research are discussed, such as investigating possible influences of the sex chromosomes on the expression of 2D:4D. Further family studies will be needed to test whether the transmission mode of 2D:4D is consistent with X-linked or Y-linked inheritance. The study of sex chromosome aberrations should indicate whether the presence of additional X or Y chromosomes is associated with 2D:4D levels.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0033-2941 , 1558-691X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2466/pr0.100.1.115-126
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066930-6
    SSG: 5,2
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    Online Resource
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Relationships of Toe-Length Ratios to Finger-Length Ratios, Foot Preference, and Wearing of TOE Rings
    SAGE Publications ; 2010
    In:  Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol. 110, No. 1 ( 2010-02), p. 33-47
    Details
    In: Perceptual and Motor Skills, SAGE Publications, Vol. 110, No. 1 ( 2010-02), p. 33-47
    Abstract: Sexually differentiated digit ratios of the hand (2D:4D and other) are currently widely studied, owing to their presumed role as a retrospective diagnostic window into prenatal androgen action. This study was only the second one (following McFadden & Shubel, 2002) to examine all 6 possible finger-length ratios (excluding the thumb) and all 10 possible toe-length ratios (including the big toe). Data from a sample of 59 male and 69 female Austrian adults ( M age = 27 yr., SD = 7.9) were collected. Replicating the prior study, the majority of toe-length ratios exhibited significant sex differences, which was similar to finger-length ratios, but of weaker effect size. Ipsilateral correlations of toe-length and finger-length ratios were largely absent, except for those of corresponding or adjacent length ratios of the right body side among women. However, these associations were directionally opposite, such that among women, feminized finger-length ratios corresponded to masculinized toe-length ratios. Foot preference (among both sexes) and wearing of toe rings (among women) were not correlates of toe-length ratios. Discussed are implications of these findings for digit ratio research, along with ideas for further inquiry on this topic.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0031-5125 , 1558-688X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2466/pms.110.1.33-47
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066876-4
    SSG: 5,2
    SSG: 7,11
    SSG: 31
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    Online Resource
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Contributions of Hans-Dieter Rösler: Pioneer of Digit Ratio (2D:4D) Research
    SAGE Publications ; 2008
    In:  Psychological Reports Vol. 103, No. 3 ( 2008-12), p. 899-916
    Details
    In: Psychological Reports, SAGE Publications, Vol. 103, No. 3 ( 2008-12), p. 899-916
    Abstract: Over the past decade, the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D), a putative biomarker for the organizational (permanent) effects of prenatal androgens on the human brain, body, and behavior, has received extensive research attention in psychology. This account makes more widely accessible the contributions of the German psychologist, Hans-Dieter Rösler, an early, for a long time unnoticed, predecessor of modern 2D:4D research. In the mid-1950s, Rösler collected a massive sample of hand outline drawings, totalling nearly 7,000 individuals, ranging in age from 1 mo. to 70 yr. With regard to the distal finger-extent pattern, Rösler differentiated radial (longer index than ring finger), ulnar (reversed pattern), and intermediate hand types, which reflect higher (more female-typical), lower (more male-typical), and intermediate 2D:4D, respectively. Here is summarized Rösler's research. In a series of investigations into the hand types, he reported on their anatomical bases, unsuitability for paternity testing, developmental changes, heritability, sex, side, and occupational group differences, and associations with left-handedness, manual dexterity, mental retardation, and clinodactyly. Based on new data from 313 male and 316 female adults, hand type is further shown to be only a weak proxy of actual 2D:4D, leaving 75% of the interindividual variation in 2D:4D unexplained. Notwithstanding these shortcomings of the hand-type method, Rösler's work from the 1950s still has the potential to inform modern 2D:4D research, as it contains a multitude of testable hypotheses not yet picked up by current research.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0033-2941 , 1558-691X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2466/pr0.103.3.899-916
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066930-6
    SSG: 5,2
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Digit Ratio (2D:4D), Lateral Preferences, and Performance in Fencing
    SAGE Publications ; 2006
    In:  Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol. 103, No. 2 ( 2006-10), p. 427-446
    Details
    In: Perceptual and Motor Skills, SAGE Publications, Vol. 103, No. 2 ( 2006-10), p. 427-446
    Abstract: The second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is a sexually dimorphic trait (men tend to have lower values than women) and a likely biomarker for the organizational (permanent) effects of prenatal androgens on the human brain and body. Prenatal testosterone, as reflected by 2D:4D, has many extragenital effects, including its relevance for the formation of an efficient cardiovascular system. Previous research, reviewed here, has therefore investigated possible associations of 2D:4D with sport performance. Several studies found more masculinized digit ratio patterns (low 2D:4D values or a negative right-minus-left difference in 2D:4D) to be related to high performance in running, soccer, and skiing. The present research tested this hypothesis in a sample of 54 tournament fencers, predominantly from Austria. For men, negative right-left differences in 2D:4D corresponded significantly to better current as well as highest national fencing rankings, independent of training intensity and fencing experience. The mean 2D:4D values of these fencers were significantly lower and the proportion of left-handers was elevated relative to the local general population. For the right hand, the ratio was somewhat lower in male sabre fencers than in male 6pke and foil fencers combined and significantly lower in left-handed compared to right-handed fencers. Although nonsignificant due to low statistical power, effect sizes suggested that crossed versus congruent hand-eye and hand-foot preferences might also be related to fencing performance. The present findings add to the evidence that 2D:4D might be a performance indicator for men across a variety of sports.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0031-5125 , 1558-688X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2466/pms.103.2.427-446
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066876-4
    SSG: 5,2
    SSG: 7,11
    SSG: 31
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    Online Resource
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Sex Differences in Directional Asymmetry of Digit Length and its Effects on Sex Differences in Digit Ratio (2D:4D)
    SAGE Publications ; 2008
    In:  Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol. 107, No. 2 ( 2008-10), p. 576-586
    Details
    In: Perceptual and Motor Skills, SAGE Publications, Vol. 107, No. 2 ( 2008-10), p. 576-586
    Abstract: Patterns of directional asymmetry in the length of index and ring finger (2D and 4D) may be sexually differentiated. Martin, Puts, and Breedlove (2008) found leftward bias, i.e., both a longer 2D and 4D in the left than in the right hand, more frequently in men, whereas rightward bias occurred more frequently in women. Further, rightward vs leftward bias seemed a substantial source of variation in digit ratio (2D:4D), a putative marker for prenatal androgen levels. Given the generally small effects, unreplicable results, and inconsistent findings of 2D:4D research, these findings potentially are important as the type of directional digit asymmetry could moderate or obfuscate real associations between 2D:4D and target traits. Based on six samples totaling about 3,000 individuals, the present study replicated the first finding of Martin, Puts, and Breedlove (2008): leftward bias was more frequent among men and rightward bias more frequent among women. This sex effect was small. However, the present study did not replicate the second finding of Martin, et al. (2008): relative to participants' sex the contributions of leftward vs rightward asymmetry to individual variation in 2D:4D were smaller by orders of magnitude and not significant. Implications of these findings for 2D:4D research arc discussed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0031-5125 , 1558-688X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2466/pms.107.2.576-586
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066876-4
    SSG: 5,2
    SSG: 7,11
    SSG: 31
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Online Resource
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