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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Newark :American Geophysical Union,
    Keywords: Floods. ; Droughts. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (355 pages)
    ISBN: 9781119427209
    Series Statement: Geophysical Monograph Series
    DDC: 363.34929
    Language: English
    Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Part I Remote Sensing for Global Drought and Flood Observations -- Chapter 1 Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities in Remote Sensing of Drought -- 1.1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.2. PROGRESS IN REMOTE SENSING OF DRIVERS OF DROUGHT -- 1.3. MULTI-INDICATOR DROUGHT MODELING -- 1.4. DROUGHT AND HEATWAVES FEEDBACKS -- 1.5. REMAINING CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES -- 1.6. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 Remote Sensing of Evapotranspiration for Global Drought Monitoring -- 2.1. INTRODUCTION -- 2.2. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF ET REMOTE SENSING STUDIES AND ET DATA PRODUCTS -- 2.3. ESTIMATING ET AND MONITORING DROUGHT WITH GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE THERMAL OBSERVATIONS -- 2.4. DROUGHT MONITORING PRODUCT SYSTEM BASED ON ET REMOTE SENSING -- 2.5. COMBINING ET REMOTE SENSING WITH MICROWAVE SOIL MOISTURE DATA FOR DROUGHT MONITORING -- 2.6. DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 Drought Monitoring Using Reservoir Data Collected via Satellite Remote Sensing -- 3.1. INTRODUCTION -- 3.2. DROUGHT MONITORING USING REMOTELY SENSED RESERVOIR DATA -- 3.3. ADOPTING REMOTELY SENSED RESERVOIR DATA TO SUPPORT DROUGHT MODELING APPLICATIONS -- 3.4. FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- 3.5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 Automatic Near-Real-Time Flood Mapping from Geostationary Low Earth Orbiting Satellite Observations -- 4.1. INTRODUCTION -- 4.2. DATA USED -- 4.3. METHODS -- 4.4. APPLICATIONS -- 4.5. VALIDATION -- 4.6. DISCUSSION -- 4.7. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 Global Flood Observation with Multiple Satellites: Applications in Rio Salado (Argentina) and the Eastern Nile Basin -- 5.1. INTRODUCTION: THE STATE OF THE SCIENCE AND NEED FOR GLOBAL SATELLITE FLOOD MAPPING -- 5.2. METHODS FOR GLOBAL FLOOD OBSERVATION. , 5.3. WATERSHED CASE STUDIES: ARGENTINA AND THE EASTERN NILE REGION -- 5.4. RESULTS FROM FLOOD MAPPING IN CASE STUDIES -- 5.5. LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR THE UTILITY OF SATELLITE FLOOD-EVENT DATA -- 5.6. CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 Integrating Earth Observation Data of Floods with Large-Scale Hydrodynamic Models -- 6.1. INTRODUCTION -- 6.2. EARTH OBSERVATION FLOOD DATA -- 6.3. INTEGRATION OF EO DATA AND FLOOD MODELS -- 6.4. OUTLOOK -- 6.5. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Part II Modeling and Prediction of Global Drought and Flood -- Chapter 7 Global Integrated Drought Monitoring with a Multivariate Framework -- 7.1. INTRODUCTION -- 7.2. METHOD -- 7.3. DATA -- 7.4. RESULTS -- 7.5. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8 A Probabilistic Framework for Agricultural Drought Forecasting Using the Ensemble Data Assimilation and Bayesian Multivariate Modeling -- 8.1. INTRODUCTION -- 8.2. REVIEW OF CURRENT DROUGHT FORECASTING SYSTEMS -- 8.3. THE PROPOSED COUPLED DYNAMICAL-STATISTICAL DROUGHT FORECASTING SYSTEM -- 8.4. CASE STUDIES -- 8.5. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9 Integrating Soil Moisture Active/Passive Observations with Rainfall Data Using an Analytic Model for Drought Monitoring at the Continental Scale -- 9.1. INTRODUCTION -- 9.2. DATA AND METHOD -- 9.3. RESULTS -- 9.4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10 Global Flood Models -- 10.1. INTRODUCTION -- 10.2. TYPES OF GFM AND SPECIFIC EXAMPLES -- 10.3. APPLICATIONS OF GLOBAL FLOOD MODELS -- 10.4. INSURANCE CATASTROPHE MODELS -- 10.5. GFM CREDIBILITY -- 10.6. THE FUTURE OF GFMS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 11 Calibration of Global Flood Models: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities -- 11.1. INTRODUCTION -- 11.2. GLOBAL HYDROLOGICAL MODEL CALIBRATION. , 11.3. MAIN CHALLENGES OF CALIBRATING GLOBAL HYDROLOGICAL MODELS -- 11.4. EMERGING OPPORTUNITIES -- 11.5. SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 12 Digital Elevation Model and Drainage Network Data Sets for Global Flood and Drought Modeling -- 12.1. INTRODUCTION -- 12.2. GLOBAL BASELINE DIGITAL ELEVATION DATA FOR HYDROLOGICAL MODELING -- 12.3. GLOBAL HYDROGRAPHY DATA SETS -- 12.4. CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES -- 12.5. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 13 Fundamental Data Set for Global Drought and Flood Modeling: Land Use and Land Cover -- 13.1. INTRODUCTION -- 13.2. GLOBAL LAND COVER DATA SETS -- 13.3. DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- Part III Global Drought and Flood Risk Assessment, Management, and Socioeconomic Response -- Chapter 14 Global River Flood Risk Under Climate Change -- 14.1. INTRODUCTION -- 14.2. MODELING GLOBAL RIVER FLOOD RISK: GENERAL CONCEPTS AND METHODS -- 14.3. THE GLOFRIS MODELING FRAMEWORK -- 14.4. CAMA-FLOOD AND ISIMIP MODELING FRAMEWORKS -- 14.5. THE GAR-2015 FLOOD RISK FRAMEWORK -- 14.6. THE JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE MODEL -- 14.7. OTHER FLOOD RISK MODELS -- 14.8. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 15 Direct Tangible Damage Classification and Exposure Analysis Using Satellite Images and Media Data -- 15.1. INTRODUCTION -- 15.2. DATA AND STUDY SITE -- 15.3. METHOD -- 15.4. RESULTS -- 15.5. DISCUSSION -- 15.6. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 16 Flood Risk and Monitoring Data for Preparedness and Response: From Availability to Use -- 16.1. INTRODUCTION -- 16.2. CHALLENGES IN UNDERSTANDING AND TRUSTING FLOOD DATA -- 16.3. TWO CASE STUDIES FRAMING THE DISCONNECT BETWEEN FLOOD DATA DEVELOPERS AND DECISION MAKERS -- 16.4. IDENTIFICATION OF COMMON THEMES FOUND IN THE QUESTIONS ASKED WITHIN THE CASE STUDIES -- 16.5. SUGGESTED OPPORTUNITIES TO MOVE TOWARDS NARROWING THE GAP -- 16.6. CONCLUSION. , ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 17 Global Flood Partnership* -- 17.1. INTRODUCTION -- 17.2. MODELS AND PRODUCTS -- 17.3. GFP ACTIVATIONS -- 17.4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 18 Drought and Flood Monitoring and Forecasting: Challenges and Opportunities Ahead -- 18.1. REMOTE SENSING FOR DROUGHT AND FLOOD MODELING -- 18.2. DROUGHT AND FLOOD MODELING -- 18.3. RISK ANALYSIS AND COLLABORATION -- 18.4. PERSPECTIVE -- Index -- EULA.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Newark :American Geophysical Union,
    Keywords: Climatic changes--Effect of human beings on. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (253 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781118971796
    Series Statement: Geophysical Monograph Series ; v.221
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- TITLE PAGE -- COPYRIGHT PAGE -- CONTENTS -- CONTRIBUTORS -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Part I Overview of the Changes in the Terrestrial Water Cycle -- Chapter 1 Macroscale Hydrological Modeling and Global Water Balance -- 1.1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.2. COMPONENTS OF TERRESTRIAL HYDROLOGICAL CYCLES -- 1.3. GLOBAL WATER BALANCE IN EARLY ERA -- 1.4. MACROSCALE MODELING FOR WATER CYCLE IN NATURE -- 1.5. CLIMATE CHANGE AND HUMAN IMPACT -- 1.6. INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION AND CAPACITY BUILDING -- 1.7. PROSPECTS FOR GLOBAL HYDROLOGY AND MODEL DEVELOPMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 Historical and Future Changes in Streamflow and Continental Runoff: A Review -- 2.1. INTRODUCTION -- 2.2. STREAMFLOW AND RUNOFF DATA -- 2.3. HISTORICAL CHANGES IN STREAMFLOW AND RUNOFF -- 2.4. MODEL-PROJECTED FUTURE CHANGES IN RUNOFF AND STREAMFLOW -- 2.5. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 Changes in the Global Terrestrial Water Cycle: A Review and Synthesis -- 3.1. INTRODUCTION -- 3.2. DEVELOPMENT OF LONG-TERM RETROSPECTIVE WATER BUDGET DATA SET -- 3.3. ASSESSMENTS OF THE RETROSPECTIVE WATER BUDGET -- 3.4. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Part II Human Alterations of the Terrestrial Water Cycle -- Chapter 4 Human-Induced Changes in the Global Water Cycle -- 4.1. INTRODUCTION -- 4.2. MACROSCALE WATER MANAGEMENT MODELS AND INTERCOMPARISONS -- 4.3. GLOBAL CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER -- 4.4. RESERVOIR CONTRIBUTIONS TO GLOBAL LAND SURFACE WATER STORAGE VARIATIONS -- 4.5. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 Impacts of Groundwater Pumping on Regional and Global Water Resources -- 5.1. INTRODUCTION -- 5.2. HUMAN WATER USE AND GROUNDWATER PUMPING -- 5.3. DIRECT AND INDIRECT CLIMATE IMPACTS ON GROUNDWATER RESOURCES -- 5.4. GLOBAL AND REGIONAL ESTIMATES OF GROUNDWATER DEPLETION. , 5.5. GROUNDWATER DEPLETION AND SEA-LEVEL RISE -- 5.6. FUTURE PROJECTIONS OF GROUNDWATER DEPLETION AND THE SUSTAINABILITY OF HUMAN WATER USE -- 5.7. A WAY FORWARD -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 Land Use/Cover Change Impacts on Hydrology in Large River Basins: A Review -- 6.1. INTRODUCTION -- 6.2. EXAMINED VARIABLES -- 6.3. APPROACHES -- 6.4. LAND COVER CHANGE IMPACTS -- 6.5. OUTSTANDING ISSUES -- 6.6. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Part III Recent Advances in Hydrological Measurement and Observation -- Chapter 7 GRACE-Based Estimates of Global Groundwater Depletion -- 7.1. INTRODUCTION -- 7.2. GLOBAL GROUNDWATER CHANGES -- 7.3. SUMMARY -- 7.4. DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8 Regional-Scale Combined Land-Atmosphere Water Balance Based on Daily Observations in Illinois -- 8.1. INTRODUCTION -- 8.2. DATA -- 8.3. THEORY AND METHODOLOGY -- 8.4. RESULTS -- 8.5. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Part IV Integrated Modeling of the Terrestrial Water Cycle -- Chapter 9 Drivers of Change in Managed Water Resources: Modeling the Impacts of Climate and Socioeconomic Changes Using the US Midwest as a Case Study -- 9.1. INTRODUCTION -- 9.2. MODELING FRAMEWORK -- 9.3. REGIONAL APPLICATION: DOMAIN, FORCING, AND EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH -- 9.4. APPLICATION IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL CHANGE -- 9.5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10 Modeling the Role of Vegetation in Hydrological Responses to Climate Change -- 10.1. INTRODUCTION -- 10.2. ADVANCES IN HYDROLOGICAL MODELING -- 10.3. MODEL EXPERIMENT -- 10.4. HYDROLOGICAL MODELING RESULTS -- 10.5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 11 Estimating Virtual Water Contents Using a Global Hydrological Model: Basis and Applications -- 11.1. INTRODUCTION -- 11.2. BASIS -- 11.3. APPLICATIONS: OBJECTIVE AND METHODS. , 11.4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 11.5. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Index -- EULA.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    New York :Cambridge University Press,
    Keywords: Floods-Risk assessment. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: A comprehensive interdisciplinary exploration of climate risks to water security, for students of hydrology, resource management, climate change, and geography, and for researchers, civil and environmental engineers, and water management professionals concerned with water-related hazards, water cycles, and climate change.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (504 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781108847841
    DDC: 333.91
    Language: English
    Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title page -- Copyright information -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Part I Water-Related Risks under Climate Change -- 1 Pluvial, Fluvial and Coastal Flood Risks and Sustainable Flood Management in the Pearl River Delta under Climate Change -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Localized Precipitation Extremes and Pluvial Flood Risks in the PRD under Climate Change: Observations and Projections -- 1.2.1 Past Observations and Analyses -- 1.2.2 Future Projections -- 1.3 Upstream River Flow and Fluvial Flood Risks in the PRD under Climate Change: Observations and Projections -- 1.3.1 Past Observations and Analyses -- 1.3.2 Future Projections -- 1.4 Coastal Flood Hazards in the PRD under Climate Change: Observations and Projections -- 1.4.1 Past Observations and Analyses -- 1.4.2 Future Projections -- 1.5 Urbanization and Sustainable Flood Management in the PRD -- 1.5.1 Impacts of Urbanization on Flood Risks -- 1.5.2 Sustainable Flood Management -- 1.6 Summary -- References -- 2 Flooding Risk in the Lancang-Mekong River Basin under Global Change -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Lancang-Mekong River Basin -- 2.3 Data and Methods -- 2.3.1 Data -- 2.3.2 SPI-3 -- 2.3.3 VIC Model -- 2.3.4 Definition of the Flood Events -- 2.4 Results -- 2.4.1 Changes of SPI-3 -- 2.4.2 VIC Model in the LMRB -- 2.4.3 Impact of Climate Change on Streamflow -- 2.4.4 Impact of Climate Change on Flood Events -- 2.5 Discussion -- 2.6 Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 3 Spatial Drought Patterns in East Africa -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Materials and Methods -- 3.2.1 Research Area -- 3.2.2 Drought Index, Dataset and Study Period -- 3.2.3 Spatial Drought Analysis Procedures -- 3.2.3.1 Drought Characterization -- 3.2.3.2 Drought Severity Level Detection -- 3.3 Results and Discussion -- 3.3.1 Long-Term Analysis of Precipitation. , 3.3.2 Drought Characterization -- 3.3.2.1 Spatial Drought Duration -- 3.3.2.2 Spatial Drought Frequency -- 3.3.2.3 Spatial Drought Intensity -- 3.3.3 Long-Term Spatial Trends -- 3.3.4 Historical Severe Drought Events -- 3.3.4.1 The 1973-1974 Drought -- 3.3.4.2 The 1984-1985 Drought -- 3.3.4.3 The 2010-2011 Drought -- 3.3.5 Impacts of the Drought Events -- 3.4 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Assessment of Global Water Erosion Vulnerability under Climate Change -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Materials and Methods -- 4.2.1 RUSLE Model -- 4.2.1.1 Rainfall Erosivity Factor (R) -- 4.2.1.2 Soil Erodibility Factor (K) -- 4.2.1.3 The Slope Length and Steepness Factor (LS) -- 4.2.1.4 The Land Cover and Management Factor (C) -- 4.2.2 Data Analyses -- 4.2.2.1 Spatial Analyses -- 4.2.2.2 Ordinary Least Squares Linear Regression -- 4.3 Results -- 4.3.1 Model Validation -- 4.3.2 Spatial Characteristics of Global Water Erosion Vulnerability -- 4.3.3 Global Water Erosion Change Associated with Various Land Uses -- 4.3.4 Effects of SDII on Water Erosion -- 4.4 Discussion -- 4.4.1 Impacts of Rainfall Change on Water Erosion -- 4.4.2 Impacts of Other Factors Associated with Climate Change -- 4.4.3 Limitations of this Study -- 4.5 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Water Erosion and Its Controlling Factors in the Anthropocene -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Water Erosion Processes and their Relations to Climate Change -- 5.2.1 Raindrop Splash Erosion -- 5.2.2 Inter-rill and Rill Erosion Processes -- 5.2.3 Ephemeral Gully Erosion -- 5.2.4 Permanent Gully Erosion -- 5.2.5 From Hillslope to River System -- 5.2.6 Other Agents Coupled with the Water Erosion Process -- 5.3 Water Erosion Control Practices -- 5.3.1 Biological Techniques -- 5.3.2 Engineering Methods -- 5.3.3 Tillage Practices -- 5.4 Water Erosion under Future Climate Risk. , 5.4.1 Direct Impacts of Climate Change: Change in Rainfall Erosivity -- 5.4.2 Indirect Climate Change Impact: Change in Land Use and Land Cover -- 5.5 Future Research Needs -- References -- 6 Climate Change Impacts on Saltwater Intrusion into Coastal Aquifers -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Theory -- 6.3 Method -- 6.3.1 Finite-Difference Method -- 6.3.2 Finite-Element Method -- 6.4 Case Study -- 6.4.1 Study Area and Model Domain -- 6.4.2 Model Development -- 6.4.2.1 Spatial Discretization -- 6.4.2.2 Temporal Discretization -- 6.4.2.3 Parameters -- 6.4.2.4 Boundary Conditions -- 6.4.2.5 Initial Conditions -- 6.4.2.6 Calibration -- 6.4.3 Results and Discussion -- 6.4.3.1 Sea-Level Rise Impacts on Saltwater Intrusion -- 6.4.3.2 Storm Surge Impacts on Saltwater Intrusion -- 6.4.3.3 Uncertainty Analysis -- 6.5 Mitigation Processes -- References -- Part II Climate Risk to Human and Natural Systems -- 7 Observed Urban Effects on Temperature and Precipitation in Southeast China -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Data -- 7.3 Methodology -- 7.4 Trends and Mean Values of Temperature and Precipitation -- 7.5 Urban Effect on Temperature -- 7.6 Urban Effect on Precipitation -- 7.7 Discussion -- 7.8 Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- 8 Vegetation Dynamics, Land Use and Ecological Risk in Response to NDVI and Climate Change in Nepal -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Research Approach and Methods -- 8.2.1 Data -- 8.2.2 Methods -- 8.3 Results -- 8.3.1 Spatial and Temporal Vegetation Dynamics -- 8.3.1.1 Spatio-Temporal Trends and Net NDVI Changes -- 8.3.2 Land Use Land Cover Change and HFP -- 8.3.3 Ecological Risk based on NDVI and Climate -- 8.4 Discussion -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Climate Warming Induced Frozen Soil Changes and the Corresponding Environmental Effect on the Tibetan Plateau: A Review -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Climate Warming Influence on Frozen Ground. , 9.2.1 Ground Temperature Changes -- 9.2.2 Soil FT Cycles -- 9.2.3 Frozen Ground Distribution -- 9.2.4 Active Layer Thickness -- 9.3 Environmental Effects -- 9.3.1 Vegetation Degradation -- 9.3.2 Desertification -- 9.3.3 Soil Erosion -- 9.3.4 Carbon Emission -- 9.3.5 Infrastructure Project -- 9.4 Conclusion -- References -- 10 A Review of the Effects of Climate Extremes on Agriculture Production -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Climate Change and Climate Extremes -- 10.2.1 Heat Extremes -- 10.2.2 Droughts -- 10.2.3 Climate Models -- 10.2.4 Climate Data Sets -- 10.3 The Effects of Climate Extremes on Yields -- 10.3.1 The Effects of High Temperature on Crop Growth -- 10.3.2 The Effects of Drought on Crop Growth -- 10.3.3 Recent Research on the Effects of Climate Extremes on Yield -- 10.3.4 The Indices of Drought -- 10.3.5 Approaches to Assess the Impacts of Climate Extremes -- 10.4 Adaptation Measures to Mitigate Yield Loss -- 10.5 Conclusion -- Note -- References -- 11 Agricultural Water Use Estimation and Impact Assessment on the Water System in China -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Methodology -- 11.2.1 The Model -- 11.2.2 Green and Blue Water Uses Estimation -- 11.2.3 Temporal Variabilities and Spatial Patterns -- 11.2.4 Impact Assessment -- 11.3 Study Area and Data Sets -- 11.3.1 Study Area -- 11.3.2 Data Sets -- 11.4 Results -- 11.4.1 Temporal Variability of Green and Blue Water Uses -- 11.4.2 Spatial Patterns of Green and Blue Water Uses -- 11.4.3 Impact Assessment of Agricultural Water Use on the Water System -- 11.5 Discussion -- 11.5.1 Uncertainty -- 11.5.2 Implications for Agricultural Water Resources Management -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Impact of Inter-Basin Water Transfer on Water Scarcity in Water-Receiving Area under Global Warming: A Case Study of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project -- 12.1 Introduction. , 12.2 South-to-North Water Diversion Project: A Primer -- 12.3 Water-Receiving Area of SNWD: Huang-Huai-Hai Region -- 12.4 Data and Methods -- 12.4.1 Data -- 12.4.2 Methods -- 12.4.2.1 Bias-Adjustment for Runoff, Groundwater Recharge and Irrigation -- 12.4.2.2 Available Water Supply -- 12.4.2.3 Sectoral and Total Water Demand -- 12.4.2.4 Impact of the SNWD Project on Water Supply Risk -- 12.5 Results -- 12.5.1 Projected Changes of Water Supply -- 12.5.2 Projected Changes of Sectoral and Total Water Demand -- 12.5.3 Impact of the SNWD Project on Water Supply Risk -- 12.6 Discussions and Conclusions -- Note -- References -- 13 Broadening and Deepening the Rainfall-Induced Landslide Detection: Practices and Perspectives at a Global Scale -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Practices for Global Rainfall-Induced Landslide Detection -- 13.2.1 Landslide Datasets Compilation -- 13.2.2 Landslide Susceptibility Analysis -- 13.2.3 Triggering Threshold Identification -- 13.3 Data and Methods -- 13.3.1 Environmental Factors and Landslide Datasets -- 13.3.2 Triggering Rainfall Identification for Landslide Events -- 13.3.3 Modelling for Global Distributed Rainfall Thresholds -- 13.4 Results -- 13.4.1 Characteristics of Triggering Rainfall Events -- 13.4.2 Multiple Linear Regression Model for Global Distributed Rainfall Thresholds -- 13.4.3 Model Application -- 13.5 Discussions and Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 14 Estimating Aquifer Depth in Arid and Semi-arid Watersheds using Statistical Modelling of Spectral MODIS Products -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Materials and Methods -- 14.2.1 Study Area -- 14.2.1.1 Sarvestan Plain -- 14.2.1.2 Lamerd Plain -- 14.2.2 Research Data -- 14.2.2.1 Field Data -- 14.2.2.2 Remotely-Sensed Data -- 14.2.3 The Method -- 14.2.3.1 Image Products of MODIS Data -- 14.2.3.2 Field Data Exploration -- 14.2.3.3 Statistical Modelling. , The Pearson Correlation Analysis.
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Singapore :Springer Singapore Pte. Limited,
    Keywords: Climatic changes. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (242 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9789811041990
    Series Statement: IHDP/Future Earth-Integrated Risk Governance Project Series
    DDC: 333.7140951
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Preface -- Editorial Committee -- Contents -- List of Maps -- 1 Geography of China -- 1.1 Topography -- 1.2 Climate -- 1.3 Rivers -- 1.4 Vegetation and Soil -- 1.5 Land Use/Land Cover and Eco-Geographical Regionalization -- 1.6 Population and Economy -- 1.7 List of Maps -- References -- 2 Climate Change Projections in the Twenty-First Century -- 2.1 Background -- 2.2 Data and Method -- 2.3 Results -- 2.3.1 Climate Change -- 2.3.2 Intermodel Spread in Climate Changes -- 2.4 Maps -- References -- 3 Heat Health Risks -- 3.1 Background -- 3.2 Method -- 3.2.1 High Temperature Days and Heat Waves -- 3.2.2 Population Vulnerability -- 3.2.3 Population Mortality Hazard -- 3.2.4 Population Exposure -- 3.2.5 Population Mortality Risk -- 3.3 Results -- 3.3.1 Spatiotemporal Distribution of High Temperature and Heat Waves -- 3.3.2 Spatiotemporal Distribution of Population Mortality Hazard -- 3.3.3 Spatiotemporal Distribution of Population Mortality Risk -- 3.3.4 Uncertainty Analysis in High Temperature Over 2071-2099 for RCP8.5 -- 3.4 Maps -- References -- 4 Agricultural Risks -- 4.1 Background -- 4.2 Method -- 4.3 Results -- 4.3.1 Simulated Crop Yield and Agricultural Production in 1981-2010 -- 4.3.2 Risk of Crop Yield and Agricultural Production Under Climate Change -- 4.3.3 Model Spread and Uncertainty -- 4.4 Maps -- References -- 5 Ecological Risks -- 5.1 Background -- 5.2 Method -- 5.3 Results -- 5.3.1 Relative Change of NPP and Risk Ecological Risk Under Climate Change -- 5.3.2 Model Spread and Uncertainty -- 5.4 Maps -- References -- 6 Integrated Environmental Risks -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Methodology -- 6.3 Results -- 6.4 Maps -- References -- Appendix -- Further Readings.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Singapore : Springer
    Keywords: Geography ; Climate change ; Environmental geography
    Description / Table of Contents: This atlas provides the most comprehensive and accurate overview of environmental risks relating to climate change vulnerability and adaptation in China. It addresses the agricultural, ecosystem and heat wave health risk posed by climate change and presents the projected environmental risks in the 21st century under climate change and socioeconomic scenarios. The detailed and concise risk assessments are mapped in grid units, allowing easy environmental risk assessment for specific locations. The atlas contributes significantly to the knowledge base for climate change adaptation in China and is a valuable resource for students and professionals in the fields of geographic sciences and climate change
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVIII, 229 p. 323 illus., 322 illus. in color, online resource)
    ISBN: 9789811041990
    Series Statement: IHDP/Future Earth-Integrated Risk Governance Project Series
    Language: English
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2023-06-14
    Description: Global Water Models (GWMs), which include Global Hydrological, Land Surface, and Dynamic Global Vegetation Models, present valuable tools for quantifying climate change impacts on hydrological processes in the data scarce high latitudes. Here we performed a systematic model performance evaluation in six major Pan-Arctic watersheds for different hydrological indicators (monthly and seasonal discharge, extremes, trends (or lack of), and snow water equivalent (SWE)) via a novel Aggregated Performance Index (API) that is based on commonly used statistical evaluation metrics. The machine learning Boruta feature selection algorithm was used to evaluate the explanatory power of the API attributes. Our results show that the majority of the nine GWMs included in the study exhibit considerable difficulties in realistically representing Pan-Arctic hydrological processes. Average APIdischarge (monthly and seasonal discharge) over nine GWMs is 〉 50% only in the Kolyma basin (55%), as low as 30% in the Yukon basin and averaged over all watersheds APIdischarge is 43%. WATERGAP2 and MATSIRO present the highest (APIdischarge 〉 55%) while ORCHIDEE and JULES-W1 the lowest (APIdischarge ≤ 25%) performing GWMs over all watersheds. For the high and low flows, average APIextreme is 35% and 26%, respectively, and over six GWMs APISWE is 57%. The Boruta algorithm suggests that using different observation-based climate data sets does not influence the total score of the APIs in all watersheds. Ultimately, only satisfactory to good performing GWMs that effectively represent cold-region hydrological processes (including snow-related processes, permafrost) should be included in multi-model climate change impact assessments in Pan-Arctic watersheds.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; Global Water Models ; Model performance ; Model evaluation ; Arctic watersheds ; Boruta feature selection
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2023-06-14
    Description: Importance of evaluation of global hydrological models (gHMs) before doing climate impact assessment was underlined in several studies. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of six gHMs in simulating observed discharge for a set of 57 large catchments applying common metrics with thresholds for the monthly and seasonal dynamics and summarize them estimating an aggregated index of model performance for each model in each basin. One model showed a good performance, and other five showed a weak or poor performance in most of the basins. In 15 catchments, evaluation results of all models were poor. The model evaluation was supplemented by climate impact assessment for a subset of 12 representative catchments using (1) usual ensemble mean approach and (2) weighted mean approach based on model performance, and the outcomes were compared. The comparison of impacts in terms of mean monthly and mean annual discharges using two approaches has shown that in four basins, differences were negligible or small, and in eight catchments, differences in mean monthly, mean annual discharge or both were moderate to large. The spreads were notably decreased in most cases when the second method was applied. It can be concluded that for improving credibility of projections, the model evaluation and application of the weighted mean approach could be recommended, especially if the mean monthly (seasonal) impacts are of interest, whereas the ensemble mean approach could be applied for projecting the mean annual changes. The calibration of gHMs could improve their performance and, consequently, the credibility of projections.
    Description: BMBF
    Description: JSPS KAKENHI
    Description: NSFC
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; Climate change ; Global hydrological models ; River discharge projections ; Model evaluation ; Model performance ; Model weighting ; Credibility of projections
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2022-09-02
    Description: Risk management has reduced vulnerability to floods and droughts globally, yet their impacts are still increasing. An improved understanding of the causes of changing impacts is therefore needed, but has been hampered by a lack of empirical data. On the basis of a global dataset of 45 pairs of events that occurred within the same area, we show that risk management generally reduces the impacts of floods and droughts but faces difficulties in reducing the impacts of unprecedented events of a magnitude not previously experienced. If the second event was much more hazardous than the first, its impact was almost always higher. This is because management was not designed to deal with such extreme events: for example, they exceeded the design levels of levees and reservoirs. In two success stories, the impact of the second, more hazardous, event was lower, as a result of improved risk management governance and high investment in integrated management. The observed difficulty of managing unprecedented events is alarming, given that more extreme hydrological events are projected owing to climate change.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: application/pdf
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