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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham :Springer International Publishing AG,
    Keywords: Environmental management. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (242 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9783319586588
    DDC: 363.61
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Dedication -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Terms and Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Introduction to Phosphorus and Water Quality -- 1.1 The Role of Phosphorus in Ecosystems -- 1.1.1 Eutrophication -- 1.1.2 Cultural and Political Response to Eutrophication Issues -- 1.2 Sources of Phosphorus Transported to Surface Waters -- 1.2.1 Point Sources (Wastewater Treatment Plants) -- 1.2.1.1 Phosphorus in Soaps -- 1.2.1.2 Wastewater Treatment Processes -- 1.2.2 Non-point Phosphorus Sources and Forms -- 1.2.2.1 Urban Grassed Areas -- 1.2.2.2 Agricultural Areas -- 1.3 Best Management Practices and Dissolved Phosphorus Losses -- References -- Chapter 2: Reducing Phosphorus Transport: An Overview of Best Management Practices -- 2.1 Dealing with Eutrophication: Treat the Symptoms or the Cause? -- 2.2 Incidental vs. Legacy Phosphorus Losses -- 2.3 Legacy Phosphorus -- 2.3.1 Preventing Legacy P from Occurring -- 2.3.1.1 Nutrient Management Planning -- 2.3.1.2 Manipulation of Animal Diet -- 2.3.1.3 Manure Export -- 2.3.2 Containment of Legacy Phosphorus Losses -- 2.3.2.1 Tillage Practices -- 2.3.2.2 Soil and Manure Amendments -- 2.3.2.3 Soil and Water Transport Reduction -- 2.3.3 Remediation of Legacy Phosphorus -- 2.3.3.1 Eliminating the Source: Phosphorus Drawdown (Phyto-remediation) -- 2.3.3.2 Phosphorus Removal Structures: Immediately Responsive P Reductions -- References -- Chapter 3: Phosphorus Removal Structures as a Short-­Term Solution for the Problem of Dissolved Phosphorus Transport to Surface Waters -- 3.1 Purpose, Concept, and General Theory of Phosphorus Removal Structures -- 3.1.1 How the Phosphorus Removal Structure Works for Removing the Target Pollutant: Dissolved Phosphorus -- 3.1.1.1 Essential Components of a Phosphorus Removal Structure -- 3.1.1.2 Site Requirements for a Phosphorus Removal Structure. , 3.1.2 Choosing the Most Efficient Target Locations for a Phosphorus Removal Structure -- 3.1.2.1 Example of Choosing the Most Efficient Location for Constructing a Phosphorus Removal Structure -- 3.2 Examples and Applications of Phosphorus Removal Structures -- 3.2.1 Modular Box -- 3.2.2 Ditch-Filter -- 3.2.3 Surface Confined Bed -- 3.2.4 Cartridges -- 3.2.5 Pond Filter -- 3.2.6 Blind/Surface Inlets -- 3.2.7 Bio-Retention Cell -- 3.2.8 Subsurface Tile Drain Filter -- 3.2.9 Waste-Water Treatment Structures -- 3.2.10 Treatment at Confined Animal Feeding Operations -- 3.2.11 Treatment at Silage Bunkers -- 3.3 Summary of P Removal Structure Styles -- References -- Chapter 4: Phosphorus Sorption Materials (PSMs): The Heart of the Phosphorus Removal Structure -- 4.1 What Are PSMs? -- 4.1.1 Examples of PSMs -- 4.1.2 Choosing a PSM -- 4.2 What Makes a Material an Effective PSM? -- 4.2.1 P Sorption Capacity and Kinetics of P Removal -- 4.2.1.1 P Sorption Mechanisms and Sensitivity to Retention Time -- Calcium-Based PSMs -- Iron and Aluminum-Based PSMs -- 4.2.2 Physical Properties Important to PSMs -- 4.2.3 Safety Considerations of PSMs -- 4.2.3.1 Heavy Metals -- 4.2.3.2 pH and Alkalinity -- 4.3 The Paradox of Many PSMs -- 4.3.1 Potential Solutions for PSMs with Insufficient Hydraulic Conductivity -- 4.3.2 A Note on the Use of Steel Slag and Chemical Treatment -- References -- Chapter 5: Characterization of PSMs -- 5.1 Measuring and Estimating P Removal: Flow-Through vs. Batch Tests -- 5.2 The P Removal Design Curve -- 5.2.1 Method for Direct Measurement of the Design Curve: Flow-Through Experiment -- 5.2.2 Indirect Estimation of the P Design Curve Through Characterization of PSMs -- 5.2.2.1 pH Measurement -- 5.2.2.2 Measurement of Total Ca, Al, and Fe by Total Digestion -- 5.2.2.3 Measurement of Amorphous Al and Fe -- 5.2.2.4 Measurement of pH Buffer Index. , 5.2.2.5 Measurement of Mean Particle Size -- 5.3 Methods of Physical Characterization of PSMs Necessary for Designing a P Removal Structure -- 5.3.1 Measurement of Bulk Density -- 5.3.2 Measurement of Porosity and Particle Density -- 5.3.3 Measurement of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity -- 5.4 Methods of Safety Characterization of PSMs -- 5.4.1 Total Metal Concentration by Digestion -- 5.4.2 Method for Water Soluble Metals -- 5.4.3 Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure (SPLP) -- References -- Chapter 6: Designing a Phosphorus Removal Structure -- 6.1 Designing Structures to Achieve Target P Load Removal and Lifetime -- 6.1.1 Use of the Design Curve and Governing Equations for Designing Structures -- 6.1.2 Determining the Required Mass of PSM for a P Removal Structure -- 6.2 Site Characterization Inputs Required for Conducting a Design -- 6.2.1 Average Annual Dissolved P Load -- 6.2.1.1 Average Annual Flow Volume -- 6.2.1.2 Average Dissolved P Concentration -- 6.2.1.3 Example Calculations of Annual P Load -- Example 1: Runoff Originating from Around CAFO Units -- Example 2: Runoff Originating from Several Suburban Housing Developments -- Example 3: Tile Drainage from an Agricultural Field -- 6.2.2 Peak Flow Rates -- 6.2.2.1 Surface Runoff -- 6.2.2.2 Subsurface Drain Pipes -- 6.2.2.3 Drainage Ditches and Channels -- Example Calculation of Peak Flow Rate for a Ditch -- 6.2.3 Hydraulic Head and Maximum Area for Structure -- 6.2.3.1 Hydraulic Head for Un-sealed Structures with Flow from Top-Downward -- 6.2.3.2 Hydraulic Head for Sealed Structures with Flow from Bottom-Upward -- 6.3 Drainage of the P Removal Structure: Balancing Flow Rate with Retention Time -- 6.3.1 Water Flow Through the P Removal Structure -- 6.3.1.1 Uniform Inflow Distribution -- 6.3.2 Retention Time -- 6.3.3 Drainage of the P Removal Structure. , 6.4 General Procedure for Conducting a Structure Design and Information Obtained -- 6.4.1 General Design Procedure -- 6.4.2 General Results from Conducting a Proper Design -- 6.5 Optional: Total and Particulate P Removal with Sediment Reduction -- 6.5.1 Estimating Sediment Load Reduction -- 6.5.2 Estimating Total P and Particulate P Reductions from Sediment Removal Within the Structure -- 6.6 Further Considerations in Design and Construction -- 6.6.1 Free Drainage -- 6.6.2 Using a "Cap Layer" for Fine-Textured PSMs -- 6.6.3 Use of Flow Control Structures -- 6.6.4 Overflow -- References -- Chapter 7: Using the Phrog Software -- 7.1 Designing a P Removal Structure vs. Predicting Performance of an Existing Structure -- 7.2 Two Broad Styles for P Removal Structures: Bed vs. Ditch Structure -- 7.3 Specific Inputs Required for Design of a  P Removal Structure -- 7.3.1 Chemical and Physical Characteristics of PSM to Be Used -- 7.3.2 Site Characteristics, Constraints, and Target P Removal Goals -- 7.3.2.1 Desired Retention Time (Minutes) -- 7.3.2.2 Dissolved P Concentration (mg L−1) -- 7.3.2.3 Annual Flow Volume (Gallons) -- 7.3.2.4 Desired Removal Goal (%) and Lifetime (Years) -- 7.3.2.5 Drainage Pipe Diameter (Inches) and Slope (Decimal Form) -- 7.3.2.6 Minimum Peak Flow Rate Through Structure (gpm) -- 7.3.2.7 Maximum Decrease in Ditch Flow Capacity (for Ditch Structures Only: %) -- 7.3.2.8 Maximum Length and Width (ft) -- 7.3.2.9 Hydraulic Head (Inches) -- 7.3.2.10 Ditch Characteristics: Size and Lining (for Ditch Structures Only) -- 7.3.3 Additional Inputs for Predicting Performance of an Existing Structure -- 7.3.3.1 Number of Drainage Pipes -- 7.3.3.2 Length and Width of Structure (ft) -- 7.3.3.3 Mass (Tons) and Depth (Inches) of PSM -- 7.3.4 Optional Inputs for Estimating Total and Particulate P Removal. , 7.3.4.1 Total P and Sediment Concentration (mg L−1) -- 7.3.4.2 Sediment Deposition Rate (g min−1) -- 7.4 General Output from Phrog Software When Conducting a Design -- 7.4.1 Output: Physical Construction Specifications -- 7.4.2 Output: Predicted Structure Performance and Guidance in Obtaining a Suitable Design -- 7.5 Case Studies Using Phrog to Design or Predict -- 7.5.1 Design a Ditch Structure: Details of Phrog Use and Example of How to Simultaneously Meet the Target Flow Rate and Retention Time -- 7.5.1.1 Inputs -- 7.5.1.2 Outputs and Responding to Unmet User Goals -- 7.5.1.3 Conducting a Second Ditch Structure Design for the Same Site with a Different PSM -- 7.5.2 Predict Performance of an Existing Ditch Structure -- 7.5.3 Design a Subsurface Bed Structure for Treating Tile Drainage -- 7.5.3.1 Example of Exceeding Area Constraint -- 7.5.3.2 Example of Comparing Two Different Ca-Based PSMs in Structure Design -- 7.5.4 Predict the Performance of a Blind Inlet and Demonstration of Predicting Particulate and Total P Removal -- 7.5.5 Bio-retention Cells -- 7.5.5.1 Example Bio-retention Cell Design and Demonstration of Altering Subsurface Drainage Pipe Diameter -- 7.5.5.2 Predict Performance of an Existing Bioretention Cell -- 7.5.6 Design a Confined Bed Located on a CAFO -- 7.5.7 Wastewater Treatment Plant Tertiary P Treatment and Example Use of Direct Input of Design Curve Coefficients -- Reference -- Chapter 8: Disposal of Spent Phosphorus Sorption Materials -- 8.1 Use of Spent PSMs as a P Fertilizer -- 8.1.1 Testing PSMs to Determine Potential for P Release to Plants or Runoff After Land Application to Soil -- 8.1.1.1 Assessing the Potential for a Spent PSM to Release P to Runoff or Leachate -- 8.1.1.2 Assessing the Potential Use of Spent PSMs as Fertilizer -- 8.2 Extraction of P from Spent PSMs and Potential Recharge. , 8.2.1 Stripping P from Spent PSMs: Is It Worth It?.
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  • 2
    Keywords: Environment ; Water quality ; Water pollution ; Environmental management
    Description / Table of Contents: The purpose of this book is to introduce the phosphorus (P) removal structure as a new BMP for reducing dissolved P loading to surface waters from non-point source pollution, provide guidance on designing site-specific P removal structures, and provide instruction on use of the design software, “Phrog” (Phosphorus Removal Online Guidance). The book initially provides a review of the nature and sources of non-point source P pollution, examines short and long term solutions to the problem, and provides detailed theory on design and operation of the P removal structure. As with many areas of study, one of the best methods of communicating concepts is through illustrations and examples. This book is no exception; several years of experience in studying P sorption and constructing P removal structures at multiple scales and settings is utilized for providing real examples and applications. With an understanding of the P removal structure established, the reader is instructed on how to obtain all of the necessary inputs for properly designing a site-specific P removal structure for meeting a desired lifetime and performance, or predict the performance and lifetime of a previously constructed P removal structure. For the readers who already possess the Phrog design software or are interested in obtaining it, one chapter is dedicated to detailed use of the software as demonstrated with various examples of structure design and also prediction
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVI, 228 p. 112 illus., 89 illus. in color, online resource)
    ISBN: 9783319586588
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Language: English
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0851
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cultured human tumor cells of various histologic origins were infected with PR8/A/34 influenza virus. Nonviable crude membrane extracts were derived from the infected and uninfected cells. The extracts were coded and tested for their ability to produce delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions (DHSR) in allogeneic patients with squamous uterine cervical carcinoma, epithelial ovarian carcinoma, and malignant melanoma. Augmented antigen sensitivity to the virus-modified extracts compared with virus alone or to the unmodified extracts was observed in all patient groups. There was insufficient specificity to delineate a response by individual tumor type and related tumor extract, but some of the observed responses suggested tumor or organ site associations. Cervical carcinoma patients reacted more frequently to the virus-modified cervix extract, which also produced a high frequency of response in patients with ovarian carcinoma and melanoma. Ovarian carcinoma patients demonstrated increased sensitivity to both virus-modified ovarian carcinoma extracts, although 14 of 21 patients also showed responsiveness to one of the unmodified ovarian extracts. Malignant melanoma patients showed increased sensitivity to all virus-modified extracts except one of two derived from the ovarian carcinoma, and demonstrated a significantly augmented response to the virus-modified melanoma extract when the response to this extract was compared with that in ovarian carcinoma patients. The augmented reactions appear to be due to an association of the PR8 virus and as yet undetermined cellular components rather than to the virus alone. The possible involvement of tumor-associated determinants and the clinical significance of this phenomenon require further investigation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cancer immunology immunotherapy 11 (1981), S. 225-231 
    ISSN: 1432-0851
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antibody reactivity of human breast cancer sera was evaluated by means of radioimmunoassays and established breast cancer cell lines. When tested against the MDA-MB 231 cell line, 30 of 324 sera had detectable antibody reactivity. All the positive sera, however, reacted with other cell lines as well, generally including cultures initiated from sites other than breast cancers, and often including animal cell cultures. In competition radioimmunoassays the positive sera fell into various groups, indicating that a diversity of antigens was being detected. Two patients' sera identified antigens that were expressed on breast cancer cells but that were not expressed on an assortment of other cell types. Sera like these two, which identify potentially important tumor markers, could serve as valuable reagents for the analysis of the tumor-assiciated antigens of human breast cancer cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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