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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    San Diego :Elsevier,
    Keywords: Cosmochemistry. ; Planets-Water. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (846 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9780323957182
    DDC: 523.02
    Language: English
    Note: Front cover -- Half title -- Full title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 - Solar/planetary formation and evolution -- 1.1 Planet formation -- 1.1.1 Terrestrial planet formation -- 1.1.2 Giant planet formation -- 1.2 Asteroids, meteorites, and chondrites -- 1.3 Giant-impact theory on the origin of Earth's Moon -- 1.3.1 Single giant impact theory -- 1.3.2 Multiple giant impact theory -- 1.3.3 The concept of lunar magma ocean (LMO) of global dimensions -- 1.4 Influence of Moon-forming impacts on the environmental conditions on the early Earth -- 1.5 Earth's internal structure, development, orbit, and rotation -- 1.5.1 Influence of collisions -- 1.5.2 Features of Earth's core -- 1.5.3 Earth's paleo-rotation and revolution-day: ∼21 h -- year: ∼13 months and ∼400 days -- 1.5.4 Earth's inclination and orbit -- 1.6 Water and frost line in the astrophysical environments -- 1.6.1 Water in the protoplanetary disk of the Sun -- 1.6.2 Frost line -- 1.6.3 Water stored on the surface and in the ground of modern Earth -- 1.7 Water-abundant celestial bodies in the Solar System-brief overview -- 1.8 Importance of understanding Earth's oceans in the search for life in extraterrestrial ocean worlds-NASA's ocean worlds ... -- 1.9 Importance of radiogenic heating and tidal dissipation in the generation and sustenance of extraterrestrial subsurface ... -- 1.10 Shedding light on extraterrestrial bodies-role of astronomical research -- References -- Bibliography -- Chapter 2 - Geological timeline of significant events on Earth -- 2.1 An era from 4.5 to 4 billion years ago when the entire Earth was a "Fire Ball" -- 2.2 Importance of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere of the early Earth -- 2.3 Genesis of water on Earth -- 2.3.1 Water on Earth through mantle evolution. , 2.3.2 Water brought to Earth by comets and asteroids -- 2.4 Indispensability of water, biologically important chemical elements, and energy to sustain life as we know it -- 2.5 Formation of liquid water oceans on Earth about 3.8 billion years ago -- 2.6 Importance of deuterium to hydrogen ratio of water -- 2.7 Roles of Earth's Moon and Sun in generating tides-influences of local bathymetry and shoreline boundary on modifying t ... -- 2.7.1 General characteristics of tidal oscillations -- 2.7.2 Topographical influences on tidal range and tidal pattern -- 2.7.3 Tidal bore-wall of tumbling and foaming water waves in some geometrically special water bodies during a spring tide ... -- 2.7.4 Tidal currents-their role in mixing of ocean waters -- 2.7.5 Implications of coastal tides and tidal bores -- 2.8 Appearance of microbes on Earth about 3.7 billion years ago -- 2.9 Stromatolites appearing on Earth about 3.5 billion years ago -- 2.10 Initiation of plate tectonics on Earth between 3.5 and 3.3 billion years ago -- 2.11 The great oxidation event ∼2.4-2.0 billion years ago-an event that led to the banded iron formations and the rise of ... -- 2.12 An era when the entire Earth became fully covered with thick ice ∼750-635 million years ago-"Snowball Earth" hypothesis -- 2.13 Multiple mass extinction events on Earth-important for understanding life -- 2.13.1 Ordovician-Silurian extinction: ∼440 million years ago -- 2.13.2 Late Devonian extinction: ∼365 million years ago -- 2.13.3 Permian-Triassic extinction: ∼253 million years ago -- 2.13.4 Triassic-Jurassic extinction: ∼201 million years ago -- 2.13.5 The K-Pg extinction: ∼66 million years ago: extinction of dinosaurs from Earth and subsequent appearance of modern ... -- 2.14 Carbonate-silicate cycle and its role as a dynamic climate buffer. , 2.15 Occurrence of a sharp global warming ∼56 million years ago -- 2.15.1 Consequences -- 2.15.2 Causes -- 2.15.2.1 Volcanic eruptions and seaquakes ∼56 million years ago-Greenland and North America drifting away from Europe, res ... -- 2.15.2.2 Methane hydrates emission -- 2.15.2.3 Orbitally triggered (Milankovitch cycles) decomposition of soil organic carbon in polar permafrost -- 2.16 Volcano eruptions on land causing atmospheric cooling and those happening underwater causing abnormal atmospheric warming -- 2.17 Synthesis of marine proxy temperature data across the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum -- 2.18 Fate of excess carbon released during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum event -- References -- Bibliography -- Chapter 3 - Beginnings of life on Earth -- 3.1 Origins of life and potential environments-multiple hypotheses on chemical evolution preceding biological evolution -- 3.1.1 Lightning in the early atmosphere and the consequent production of amino acids-Miller-Urey "prebiotic soup" experiment -- 3.1.2 Chemical processes at submarine hydrothermal vents -- 3.1.2.1 Significance of hydrothermal vents in the origin of life -- 3.1.2.2 Functional resemblance of iron‐sulfide membrane in alkaline hydrothermal -- 3.1.3 Life brought to Earth from elsewhere in space -- 3.2 Biological evolution -- 3.2.1 Discovery of DNA and its sequencing-the intriguing story of combined efforts by a group of scientists from different ... -- 3.2.1.1 Isolating nucleic acid-Johannes Friedrich Miescher: the first scientist -- 3.2.1.2 DNA sequencing-contributions of Frederick Sanger, Francis Crick, and James D. Watson -- 3.2.2 Role of National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) in supporting development of new technologies for DNA seque ... -- 3.2.3 Discovery of RNA and its sequencing- a combined effort by a group of researchers. , 3.2.3.1 mRNA -- 3.2.3.2 tRNA -- 3.2.3.3 rRNA -- 3.2.3.4 Sequencing RNA -- 3.2.4 Genome sequencing -- 3.2.5 Dark DNA -- 3.2.6 Categorization of all living organisms into two major divisions: the cellular and the viral "empires" and three prim ... -- 3.2.6.1 Cells, viruses, and the classification of organisms -- 3.2.6.2 The cellular domains: archaea, bacteria, and eukarya -- 3.2.6.3 Viruses -- 3.3 Origins of life on Earth-importance of organic molecules -- 3.4 Life and living systems-interpretations -- 3.5 Why do a few million years or more are necessary for evolution from prebiotic chemical phase to biological phase? -- 3.6 Understanding the evolution of life -- 3.7 Influence of thermodynamic disequilibrium on life -- 3.8 Extraterrestrial life in the Solar System-implications of Kumar's hypothesis -- 3.9 Looking for possibility of extraterrestrial life in the Solar System-deriving clues from early Earth's conducive atmos ... -- References -- Bibliography -- Chapter 4 - Biosignatures-The prime targets in the search for life beyond Earth -- 4.1 Life -- 4.2 Use of fossil lipids for life-detection -- 4.3 Biosignatures -- 4.3.1 Biosignatures of microorganisms -- 4.3.2 Chemical biosignatures -- 4.3.3 Morphological biosignatures -- 4.4 Serpentinization-implications for the search for biosignatures -- 4.5 Biosignatures versus bioindicators -- 4.6 Life and biomarkers -- 4.6.1 Biomarker -- 4.6.2 The search for life on Mars -- 4.6.3 A potential biomarker identified on Venus -- 4.7 Identification of biosignature in Antarctic rocks -- 4.8 Existence of biosignatures under diverse environmental conditions -- 4.9 Characterizing extraterrestrial biospheres through absorption features in their spectra -- 4.10 Means of studying biosignatures. , 4.10.1 Identification of stromatolites using portable network graphics analysis of layered structures captured in digital ... -- 4.10.2 Characterization of molecular biosignatures using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry -- 4.10.2.1 Advantage of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry over other techniques for obtaining biomarker information -- 4.10.2.2 Generic scheme of a time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry experiment -- 4.10.2.3 Demonstration of potential of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry for biomarker research -- 4.11 Detecting biosignature gases on extrasolar terrestrial planets -- 4.12 False positives and false negatives -- 4.13 Potential biosignatures-molecules that can be produced under both biological and nonbiological mechanisms but selecti ... -- 4.14 Atmospheric chemical disequilibrium (a generalized biosignature)-a proposed method for detecting extraterrestrial bio ... -- 4.15 Identification of amino acids in Murchison meteorite and Atarctic micrometeorites -- 4.16 Major challenges lurking in the study of extrasolar biosignature gases -- References -- Bibliography -- Chapter 5 - Extremophiles-Organisms that survive and thrive in extreme environmental conditions -- 5.1 Relevance of astrobiology -- 5.2 Habitability -- 5.3 Importance of liquid water in maintaining habitability on celestial bodies -- 5.4 Habitability of extremophilic and extremotolerant bacteria under extreme environmental conditions -- 5.5 Why do extremophiles survive in extreme environments? Application of exopolymers derived from extremophiles in the foo ... -- 5.6 Microbial life on and inside rocks -- 5.7 Microbial life beneath the seafloor -- 5.8 Microbial life in Antarctic ice sheet -- 5.9 The year-2021 discovery of sessile benthic community far beneath an Antarctic ice shelf. , 5.10 Microbial life at the driest desert in the world.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    San Diego :Elsevier Science & Technology,
    Keywords: Tsunamis. ; Tsunamis -- Forecasting. ; Tsunamis -- Safety measures. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (449 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9780123850546
    DDC: 551.46/37
    Language: English
    Note: Front Cover -- Tsunamis -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Chapter 2 Tsunami Generation and Historical Aspects -- 2.1 Tsunamis Generated by Seaquakes -- 2.2 Tsunamis Generated by Surface/Submarine Landslides and Rock Avalanches -- 2.3 Tsunamis Generated by Volcanic Eruptions -- 2.4 Tsunamis Generated by Meteorological Disturbances -- 2.5 Tsunamis Generated by Underwater Gas Emission -- 2.6 Tsunamis Generated by Asteroid Impacts -- Chapter 3 Tsunami Databases -- 3.1 The United States Tsunami Database -- 3.2 The Russia Tsunami Databases -- 3.3 The UNESCO Tsunami Database -- 3.4 The Japan Tsunami Database -- 3.5 The Greece Tsunami Database -- Chapter 4 Geophysical Tsunami Hydrodynamics -- 4.1 Propagation -- 4.2 Features of Geophysical Tsunamis -- 4.3 Influence of Midocean Ridges, Straits, and Continental Shelves -- 4.4 Tsunamis on Islands -- 4.5 Tsunami-Induced Seiches in Harbors -- 4.6 Tsunamis in Inland Water Bodies -- Chapter 5 Impact of a Tsunami on Coastal and Island Habitats -- Chapter 6 The Protective Role of Coastal Ecosystems -- Chapter 7 Earthquake Detection and Monitoring for Early Warnings of Seismogenic Tsunamis -- 7.1 Earthquake Precursors -- 7.2 Earthquake Detection Through Monitoring the Behavior of Animals, Reptiles, and Birds -- Chapter 8 Numerical Models for Forecasting -- Chapter 9 The Role of IOC-UNESCO in Tsunami Early Warnings -- Chapter 10 Earthquake Monitoring for Early Tsunami Warnings -- 10.1 Seismic Network of the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center -- Chapter 11 Open Ocean Tsunami Detection -- 11.1 Detection Using Seafloor Pressure Measurement -- 11.2 Detection Using Orbiting Satellite Altimeters -- 11.3 Detection Using Optical Devices in Satellites and Aircrafts -- 11.4 Detection Using Orbiting Microwave Radar and Radiometers. , Chapter 12 Land-Based Measurements of Inundation to Confirm Tsunamigenesis -- Chapter 13 The Technology of End-to-End Communication: Sending the Message -- Chapter 14 IOC-UNESCO Tsunami Early Warning Systems -- 14.1 The United States Tsunami Warning System -- 14.2 The Japan Tsunami Warning System -- 14.3 The Russia Tsunami Warning Service -- 14.4 The Canada Tsunami Warning System -- 14.5 The Australia Tsunami Warning System -- 14.6 The Puerto Rico Tsunami Warning System -- 14.7 The Korea Tsunami Warning System -- 14.8 The Chile Tsunami Warning System -- 14.9 The New Zealand Tsunami Warning System -- 14.10 India's Early-Warning System for Tsunamis and Storm Surges -- 14.11 Malaysia's Multihazard Early Warning System -- 14.12 The Singapore Tsunami Warning System -- 14.13 European Union Initiative -- 14.14 Tsunami Warning Systems Around the African Continent -- Chapter 15 Technological Challenges In Detecting Tsunamis -- Chapter 16 Sea-Level Measurements From Coasts and Islands -- 16.1 Chart Datum -- 16.2 Float-Driven Gauges -- 16.3 Electric Step Gauges -- 16.4 Air-Acoustic Gauges -- 16.5 Downward-Looking Aerial Microwave Radar Gauges -- 16.6 Subsurface Pressure Gauge Systems -- 16.7 Radiowave Interferometry -- 16.8 Differential Global Positioning Systems on Floating Buoys -- 16.9 Applying a Tide Staff for Datum Control in Coastal Sea-Level Measurements -- Chapter 17 Sea Level Measurements From Deep-Sea Regions -- 17.1 Seafloor Pressure Sensor Capsules -- 17.2 Satellite Radar Altimetry -- Chapter 18 Telemetry of Sea-Level Data -- 18.1 Submarine Cable Communication -- 18.2 Acoustic Communication -- 18.3 VHF/UHF Transceivers and Wired Telephone Connections -- 18.4 Satellite Communication -- 18.5 Cellular Modems -- 18.6 Telemetry From Polar Regions -- Chapter 19 Evaluating and Assessing Tsunamis Technologies for Specific Situations. , 19.1 Optimal Ocean-Bottom Pressure Recorders -- 19.2 Optimal Devices for Measuring Coastal Tsunamis -- 19.3 Summary -- Chapter 20 Extracting Tsunami Signals From Sea-Level Records -- Chapter 21 Conclusions -- References -- Bibliography -- Index.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Waltham, Mass. ; : Elsevier
    Keywords: Ocean currents ; Ocean currents ; Measurement ; Electronic books
    Description / Table of Contents: Measuring Ocean Currents: Tools, Technologies, and Data covers all major aspects of ocean current measurements in view of the implications of ocean currents on changing climate, increasing pollution levels, and offshore engineering activities. Although more than 70% of the Earth is covered by ocean, there is limited information on the countless fine- to large-scale water motions taking place within them. This book fills that information gap as the first work that summarizes the state-of-the-art methods and instruments used for surface, subsurface, and abyssal ocean current measurements. Readers of this book will find a wealth of information on Lagrangian measurements, horizontal mapping, imaging, Eulerian measurements, and vertical profiling techniques. In addition, the book describes modern technologies for remote measurement of ocean currents and their signatures, including HF Doppler radar systems, satellite-borne sensors, ocean acoustic tomography, and more. Crucial aspects of ocean currents are described in detail as well, including dispersion of effluents discharged into the sea and transport of beneficial materials-as well as environmentally hazardous materials-from one region to another. The book highlights several important practical applications, showing how measurements relate to climate change and pollution levels, how they affect coastal and offshore engineering activities, and how they can aid in tsunami detection. Coverage of measurement, mapping and profiling techniques Descriptions of technologies for remote measurement of ocean currents and their signatures Reviews crucial aspects of ocean currents, including special emphasis on the planet-spanning thermohaline circulation, known as the ocean's "conveyor belt," and its crucial role in climate change.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (xx, 426 p.) , ill. (some col.), maps, graphs.
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9780123914286
    DDC: 551.46/20287
    Language: English
    Note: Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index. Description based on online resource; title from title page (ebrary, viewed August 27, 2013)
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Amsterdam, Netherlands : Elsevier
    Keywords: Geophysics ; Research ; Electronic books
    Description / Table of Contents: Front Cover -- Investigating Seafloors and Oceans: From Mud Volcanoes to Giant Squid -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1: The Chaotic and Vibrant Seafloor -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.1.1. Exposed Oceanic Mantle -- 1.1.2. Reversal of Earths Magnetic Field -- 1.1.3. Consequences of Earths Magnetic Field Reversal -- 1.2. Discovery of Formation of Different Continents from One Big Land Mass -- 1.2.1. Clues Introduced by Ortelius, Suess, Mantovani, Wegener, and Toit -- 1.2.2. Hypotheses Proposed for Explaining Continental Drift -- 1.2.3. Arthur Holmess Proposal of Convection Current Cells in Earths Mantle in Support of Continental Drift -- 1.2.4. Studies of Earthquakes and Mountain Building in Support of Continental Drift -- 1.3. Evolving the Notion of Tectonic Plates Floating on Molten Lava -- 1.3.1. Discovery of Volcanic Ridge Systems Snaking Around the Globe in a Chain -- 1.3.2. Discoveries of Zebra Stripe-like Magnetic Patterns and Increasing Age of Seafloor with Distance From Ridge Crests -- 1.3.3. Proposal of Seafloor Spreading Theory-Contribution by Hess -- 1.3.4. Plate Tectonics-Unification of Continental Drift and Seafloor Spreading -- 1.4. Triple Junctions on Seafloors -- 1.4.1. R-R-R Triple Junctions -- 1.4.1.1. Afar triple junction -- 1.4.1.2. Rodrigues triple junction -- 1.4.1.3. Azores triple junction -- 1.4.2. The Only Known T-T-T Junction on Earth-Boso Triple Junction -- 1.4.3. Difficult-to-Classify Triple Junction-Bouvet Triple Junction -- 1.4.4. Specialty of Chile Triple Junction -- 1.5. Rotating Microplates -- 1.5.1. Clockwork Motion by Seafloor Microplates -- 1.5.2. The 2015 Discovery of the First Oceanic Microplate in the Indian Ocean -- 1.6. Formation of Submarine Mountain Chains, Seamounts, Island Arcs, Mud Volcanoes, Canyons, and Trenches -- 1.6.1. Seafloor Mountain Chains.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (614 pages) , illustrations
    ISBN: 9780128093634
    DDC: 550.72
    Language: English
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index. Description based on print version record
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2017-07-04
    Description: Photonics and fracture toughness of heterogeneous composite materials Scientific Reports, Published online: 3 July 2017; doi:10.1038/s41598-017-04782-7
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2015-03-11
    Description: Healthy eyes are vital for a better quality of human life. Historically, for man-made materials, scientists and engineers use stress concentration factors to characterise the effects of structural non-homogeneities on their mechanical strength. However, such information is scarce for the human eye. Here we present the shear stress distribution profiles of a healthy human cornea surface in vivo using photo-stress analysis tomography, which is a non-intrusive and non-X-ray based method. The corneal birefringent retardation measured here is comparable to that of previous studies. Using this, we derive eye stress concentration factors and the directional alignment of major principal stress on the surface of the cornea. Similar to thermometers being used for monitoring the general health in humans, this report provides a foundation to characterise the shear stress carrying capacity of the cornea, and a potential bench mark for validating theoretical modelling of stresses in the human eye in future. Scientific Reports 5 doi: 10.1038/srep08899
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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