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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    London :CRC Press LLC,
    Keywords: Climatic changes-North America. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: The Far North, a land of extreme weather and intense beauty, is the only region of North America whose ecosystems have remained reasonably intact. Humans are newcomers and nature predominates. As is widely known, recent changes in the Earth's atmosphere have the potential to create rapid climatic shifts in our life-time and well into the future.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (362 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781317837084
    DDC: 551.697
    Language: English
    Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Frontispiece -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Content -- Preface -- Foreword -- Contributors -- List of Figures and Tables -- 1.1 Conceptual Model of Ecological-Social Interactions -- 1.2 Protected Areas of Alaska -- 1.3 Protected Areas of Canada -- 2.1 Schematic Diagram of the Greenhouse Effect -- 2.2 Diagrams of Global Temperature Variations Since the Pleistocene -- 2.3 Diagram of Global Wind Patterns in the Northern Hemisphere -- 2.4 Approximate Boundaries of Four Broad Climatic Zones in Northern North America -- 3.1 Age Pyramids for Alaskan Populations -- 3.2 Age Pyramids for Canadian, Yukon, and NWT Populations -- 3.3 Comparison of Sex Ratios for Alaska, The Yukon, and NWT and British Columbia and Canada -- 3.4 Sex Ratios of Indigenous Populations in Alaska Native Village Statistical Areas and Alaskan Urban Areas -- 3.5 Existing and Proposed Roads And Pipelines in Northern North America -- 4.1 Spatial Changes in Ecoclimatic Zones for Major Boreal and Arctic Ecoclimatic Zones -- 4.2 Directional Moisture Ratio Changes for Major Vegetation Regions of North America -- 5.1 Carbon Distribution Among Terrestrial Ecosystems -- 5.2 Circumpolar Distribution of Boreal Forest, Tundra, and Permafrost -- 6.1 Barren-Ground Caribou in Autumn -- 6.2 Inuit Loading Harvested Caribou onto a Sled, Pelly Bay, NWT -- 6.3 Musk-Oxen in Early June, Victoria Island, NWT -- 6.4 Seasonal Predictions for Climatic Warming of Mainland Arctic Canada -- 6.5 Arctic Place Names and The Ranges of the Major Herds of Barren-Ground Caribou in The NWT -- 6.6 The Decline of Peary Caribou on Banks Island, NWT, 1970-90 -- 6.7 Early Winter Total Snowfall at Sachs Harbor, Banks Island, NWT -- 7.1 Harbor Seals Hauled Out on a Rocky Beach, Año Nuevo Island, California -- 7.2 Steller Sea Lions on a Breeding Site, Lowrie Island, Alaska. , 7.3 Summer Diet of California Sea Lions on San Miguel and San Clemente Islands, 1982-83 -- 8.1 The Exploitable Biomass of Pacific Halibut from 1935-1991 -- 8.2 Comparison of the Combined All-Nation Catch of Salmon and the Smoothed Aleutian Low Pressure Index. -- 8.3 Total Catch of Chinook Salmon in the Strait of Georgia Sport and Commercial Fisheries from 1955-1991. -- 8.4 Marine Survival Percentage of Chinook and Coho Salmon in the Strait of Georgia -- 9.1 Major Linguistic Groups of Indigenous Peoples in Alaska -- 9.2 Linkages Between Climate-Based Impacts and Potential Sociocultural Responses. -- 9.3 Linkages Between Climatic Events, their Effects on Portions of the Marine Ecosystem, and Probable Impact on Portions of the Norse Marine Hunting Economy. -- 10.1 Per Capita Wild Resource Harvest in Selected Regions of Alaska. -- 10.2 Rural Households Participating in Subsistence in Different Regions of Alaska -- 11.1 The Canadian North and Major Native Communities -- 11.2 Baffin Island, with Clyde River and Hunting Camps Indicated -- 11.3 Clyde Inuit Traditional Ilagiit (Extended Family) Areas, 1920-1945 -- 11.4 Clyde Ringed Sealskin Prices, Sales Volume, and Harvest, 1955-1983 -- 11.5 Suluak and Nuvuktiapik Camp Composition -- 14.1 The Relationship Between Maximum Economic Yield (mey), Maximum Sustained Yield (msy), and Effort (E) Required to Attain them -- 16.1 Gideon K. Barr, Sr., at Ublasaun, Bering Land Bridge National Preserve, 1990. -- 16.2 Map of Bering Strait Area Showing Locations Mentioned in Text -- 16.3 Two Inupiat Children with Spotted Seal (in Autumn Near Shishmaref, Alaska, Ca. 1923) -- 16.4 Ublasaun Village, Ca. 1923 -- 16.5 Devil Mountain Lake Maar -- 16.6 Cape Espenberg, Bering Land Bridge National Preserve, 1978 -- 16.7 Illaganiq's Whalebone Cairn, Cape Espenberg, Bering Land Bridge National Preserve, 1993. , 18.1 Schematic Zonation of a Biosphere Reserve -- 18.2 A Cluster of Biosphere Reserves -- 18.3 Biosphere Reserves in North America -- 18.4 The Region of the Southern Appalachians Man and The Biosphere (Samab) Program -- 21.1 The Mackenzie Basin, Canada -- 21.2 Major Rivers of the Mackenzie Basin -- 2.1 Regional Changes Expected in the Climate of Northern North America -- 3.1 Total and Native Population and Population Densities of The North, 1990-1991 -- 3.2 Fertility in the Far North Expressed as Children Bom Per 1,000 Ever-Married Woman -- 3.3 Past, Current, and Projected Populations -- 3.4 Observed Population Sizes and Densities in Canada by Ecozone -- 4.1 General Circulation Models Used to Construct Climate Change Scenarios -- 4.2 Type of Change in Ecoclimatic Zones for Scenarios Generated by Each GCM -- 5.1 Summary of the Impact of Soil Warming on a Black Spruce Forest -- 5.2 Certainty of Climate Change and its Direct Effects on Vegetation and the Anticipated Impact of these Changes on the Function of Tundra Ecosystems -- 7.1 Marine Mammals Occurring in the Far North Pacific -- 8.1 Hypotheses Proposed as Possible Consequences of Climate Change on Pacific Salmon Stocks in the Fraser River -- 10.1 Harvest Levels and Species Diversity for Selected Alaskan Communities -- 10.2 Standardized Diversity of Wild Food Use is Summarized by Resource Category for Five Upper Tanana Communities -- 10.3 Sharing of Harvested Resources in Five Upper Tanana Communities -- 11.1 Composite Harvest Data for the Four Major Inuit Regions of Canada -- 11.2 Mean Seasonal Ringed Seal Harvest by Clyde Inuit for the Period 1981-1983 -- 18.1 Biosphere Reserves of North America -- 22.1 Various Types of Snow, as Expressed in Arctic Quebec Inuktitut -- Part I: Climate and Human Populations- A Dynamic Balance -- 1 Human Ecology and Climate Change at Northern Latitudes. , Climatic Variation and Human Populations -- Climate Change, Natural Resources, and Humans -- Resource Management and Human Populations in the Far North -- Climate Change and the Biosocial Environment -- References -- 2 Potential Climate Change in Northern North America -- Environmental Controls on High-Latitude Climate -- Regional Climate Patterns in Northern North America -- Summary -- References -- 3 Demography and Socioeconomics of Northern North America: Current Status and Impacts of Climate Change -- The National and International Contexts of Northern Social Change -- Demographic Information -- Global Warming and Northern Economies -- Summary -- References -- Part II: Predicting Environmental Change -- 4 Modeling Potential Impacts of Climate Change On Northern Landscapes -- Objectives and Approach -- General Description of Models -- Potential Changes in Ecoclimatic Regions -- Potential Changes in Effective Moisture -- Implications for Northern Habitats and Protected Areas -- Summary -- References -- 5 Climate and Ecological Relationships in Northern Latitude Ecosystems -- Physical Environment -- Arctic and Boreal Ecosystems -- Past Changes and Current Observations in Northern Ecosystems -- Summary: The Future of Northern Ecosystems -- References -- 6 Responses of Arctic Ungulates to Climate Change -- People, Caribou, and Musk-Oxen -- Weather and Forage: Caribou and Musk-Oxen -- Climate Change Predictions -- Weather and Fluctuations in Caribou and Musk-Ox Numbers -- Climate Change, People, Caribou, and Musk-Oxen -- Summary -- References -- 7 Effects of Climate Change on Marine Mammals in the Far North -- Marine Mammals of the North Pacific -- Direct Effects of Increased Temperatures -- Indirect Effects Due to Changes in Prey Distribution -- Summary -- References -- 8 Response of Anadromous Fish to Climate Change in the North Pacific. , Controversies Over Climatic Impacts on Fish Population Dynamics -- The 1976-77 Event in the Mid-Pacific -- The 1976-77 Event in Coastal Areas -- The Impact of Climate Change on Salmon in Fresh Water -- Salmon at their Northern Limits -- Fisheries Management and Research in a Changing Climate -- Summary -- References -- Part III: Human Populations and Natural Resources: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives -- 9 Increments, Ranges, and Thresholds: Human Population Responses to Climate Change in Northern Alaska -- Indigenous Groups: Traditional Resource use and Settlement -- Historic and Cultural Change: 1850-1990 -- Climate and History -- Summary -- References -- 10 Resource Use In Rural Alaskan Communities -- Where Alaskans Live -- Wildlife Harvest Characteristics in Rural Alaska -- The Cultural Importance of Subsistence in Rural Communities -- Subsistence and Social Organization -- Subsistence, Sharing, and Cultural Identity -- Climate Change, Cultural Change, and Access to Wildlife Resources in Alaska -- Summary -- References -- 11 Warming the Arctic: Environmentalism and Canadian Inuit -- Global Warming, Science, and the Arctic -- The Dorset-Thule Transition -- Diamonds in the Far North -- Global Warming and Green Trends -- Seals, Snowmobiles, and Green Concerns -- Inuit Options for the Future -- Summary -- References -- Part IV: Natural Resources and Human Institutions in a Dynamic Environment -- 12 Global Warming and Conflict Management: Resident Native Peoples and Protected Areas -- Two Sociological Premises -- Conflicts Between Native Peoples and Protected Areas Under Conditions of Climate Change -- Water, Electricity, and the Cree -- Preexisting Conditions -- Conflict Management Strategies -- Summary -- References -- 13 Comanagement of Natural Resources: Some Aspects of the Canadian Experience -- Origins and Development of Comanagement. , What Claims-Based Comanagement Provides.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham :Springer International Publishing AG,
    Keywords: Climatic changes. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (246 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9783319569284
    Series Statement: Advances in Global Change Research Series ; v.63
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Dedication -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Assessing Climate Change Effects in the Northern Rockies -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Northern Rockies Adaptation Partnership Process -- 1.3 Toward Implementation of Climate-Smart Management -- 1.4 A Brief Tour of the Northern Rockies -- 1.4.1 Western Rockies Subregion -- 1.4.2 Central Rockies Subregion -- 1.4.3 Eastern Rockies Subregion -- 1.4.4 Greater Yellowstone Area Subregion -- 1.4.5 Grassland Subregion -- References -- Chapter 2: Historical and Projected Climate in the Northern Rockies Region -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Climate Model Overview -- 2.3 Methods Used to Assess Future Climate in the Northern Rockies Region -- 2.4 Projected Future Climate in the Northern Rockies -- References -- Chapter 3: Effects of Climate Change on Snowpack, Glaciers, and Water Resources in the Northern Rockies -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Mechanisms for Climate Change Effects on Hydrology -- 3.3 Effects of Climate Change on Snowpack and Glaciers -- 3.4 Effects of Climate Change on Streamflow -- 3.4.1 Future Streamflow Projections -- 3.5 Adapting Water Resources and Management to Climate Change -- References -- Chapter 4: Effects of Climate Change on Cold-Water Fish in the Northern Rockies -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Analytical Approach -- 4.2.1 Assessment Area -- 4.2.2 Climate Change Scenarios -- 4.2.3 Fish Species -- 4.2.4 Trout Distribution Models -- 4.3 Vulnerability of Native Trout to Climate Change -- 4.3.1 Stream Temperature -- 4.3.2 Cutthroat Trout -- 4.3.3 Bull Trout -- 4.3.4 Additional Fish Species -- 4.4 Applying the Assessment -- 4.5 Adapting Fish Species and Fisheries Management to Climate Change -- 4.5.1 Adaptation Options -- 4.5.2 Principles of Climate-Smart Management -- References. , Chapter 5: Effects of Climate Change on Forest Vegetation in the Northern Rockies -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Climate Change Assessment Techniques -- 5.1.2 Forest Vegetation Responses to Climate -- 5.1.3 Biotic and Abiotic Disturbances -- 5.2 Climate Change Effects on Tree Species -- 5.2.1 Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa) -- 5.2.2 Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) -- 5.2.3 Western Larch (Larix occidentalis) -- 5.2.4 Western White Pine (Pinus monticola) -- 5.2.5 Grand Fir (Abies grandis) -- 5.2.6 Western Redcedar (Thuja plicata) -- 5.2.7 Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) -- 5.2.8 Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) -- 5.2.9 Limber Pine (Pinus flexilis) -- 5.2.10 Subalpine Fir (Abies lasiocarpa) -- 5.2.11 Engelmann Spruce (Picea engelmannii) -- 5.2.12 Mountain Hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) -- 5.2.13 Alpine Larch (Larix lyallii) -- 5.2.14 Whitebark Pine (Pinus albicaulis) -- 5.2.15 Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides) -- 5.2.16 Cottonwood (Populus spp.) -- 5.2.17 Green Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) -- 5.3 Effects of Climate Change on Broader Vegetation Patterns -- 5.4 Natural Resource Issues and Management -- 5.4.1 Landscape Heterogeneity -- 5.4.2 Timber Production -- 5.4.3 Carbon Sequestration -- 5.5 Adapting Forest Vegetation and Management to Climate Change -- 5.5.1 Adaptation Strategies and Tactics -- References -- Chapter 6: Effects of Climate Change on Rangeland Vegetation in the Northern Rockies -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Rangeland Vegetation -- 6.3 Management Issues -- 6.4 Assessing the Effects of Climate Change on Rangelands -- 6.4.1 Montane Grasslands -- 6.4.2 Montane Shrubs -- 6.4.3 Short Sagebrushes -- 6.4.4 Sprouting Sagebrush Species -- 6.4.5 Wyoming Big Sagebrush and Basin Big Sagebrush -- 6.4.6 Mountain Big Sagebrush -- 6.4.7 Northern Great Plains -- 6.5 Adapting Rangeland Vegetation and Management to Climate Change. , References -- Chapter 7: Effects of Climate Change on Ecological Disturbance in the Northern Rockies -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Wildfire -- 7.2.1 Overview -- 7.2.2 Potential Future Wildfire Regimes and Wildfire Occurrence -- 7.2.3 Potential Interactions Between Wildfire and Other Disturbances -- 7.3 Bark Beetles -- 7.3.1 Overview -- 7.3.2 Drivers of Bark Beetle Outbreaks -- 7.3.3 Potential Effects of Climate Change on Bark Beetles -- 7.3.4 Projected Effects of Climate Change on Bark Beetle Populations -- 7.4 White Pine Blister Rust -- 7.4.1 Overview -- 7.4.2 Effects of Climate Change on WPBR -- 7.4.3 Interactions with Other Disturbance Processes -- 7.5 Forest Diseases -- 7.5.1 Overview -- 7.5.2 Effects of Climatic Variability and Change on Forest Diseases -- 7.5.3 Forest Pathogen Interactions -- 7.6 Nonnative Plants -- 7.6.1 Overview -- 7.6.2 Effects of Climate Change on Nonnative Species -- References -- Chapter 8: Effects of Climate Change on Wildlife in the Northern Rockies -- 8.1 Climate-Wildlife Interactions -- 8.2 Communities and Habitat -- 8.3 Species Sensitivity to Climate Change -- 8.3.1 American Beaver (Castor canadensis) -- 8.3.2 American Pika (Ochotona princeps) -- 8.3.3 Canada Lynx (Lynx canadensis) -- 8.3.4 Fisher (Pekania pennanti) -- 8.3.5 Moose (Alces alces) -- 8.3.6 Northern Bog Lemming (Synaptomys borealis) -- 8.3.7 Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) -- 8.3.8 Pygmy Rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis) -- 8.3.9 Townsend's Big-Eared Bat (Corynorhinus townsendii) -- 8.3.10 Ungulates (Elk, Mule Deer, White-Tailed Deer) -- 8.3.11 Wolverine (Gulo gulo) -- 8.3.12 Brewer's Sparrow (Spizella breweri) -- 8.3.13 Flammulated Owl (Otus flammeolus) -- 8.3.14 Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) -- 8.3.15 Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) -- 8.3.16 Mountain Quail (Oreortyx pictus) -- 8.3.17 Pygmy Nuthatch (Sitta pygmaea). , 8.3.18 Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus) -- 8.3.19 Columbia Spotted Frog (Rana luteiventris) -- 8.3.20 Western Toad (Anaxyrus boreas) -- 8.4 Adapting Wildlife and Wildlife Management to Climate Change -- References -- Chapter 9: Effects of Climate Change on Recreation in the Northern Rockies -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Relationships Between Climate Change and Recreation -- 9.3 Outdoor Recreation in the Northern Rockies -- 9.4 Assessing the Vulnerability of Recreation to Climate Change -- 9.4.1 Current Conditions and Management -- 9.4.2 Warm-Weather Activities -- 9.4.3 Cold-Weather Activities -- 9.4.4 Wildlife Activities -- 9.4.5 Gathering Forest Products -- 9.4.6 Water-Based Activities (Not Including Fishing) -- 9.4.7 Summary -- 9.5 Adapting Recreation and Recreation Management to Climate Change -- 9.5.1 Adaptation by Recreation Participants -- 9.5.2 Adaptation by Federal Land Management -- References -- Chapter 10: Effects of Climate Change on Ecosystem Services in the Northern Rockies -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Ecosystem Services on Public Lands in the Northern Rockies -- 10.3 Social Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity -- 10.4 Assessing the Effects of Climate Change on Ecosystem Services -- 10.4.1 Water Quantity -- 10.4.2 Water Quality, Aquatic Habitats, and Fish -- 10.4.3 Building Materials and Wood Products -- 10.4.4 Mining Materials -- 10.4.5 Forage for Livestock -- 10.4.6 Viewsheds and Clean Air -- 10.4.7 Regulation of Soil Erosion -- 10.4.8 Carbon Sequestration -- 10.4.9 Summary -- References -- Chapter 11: Effects of Climate Change on Cultural Resources in the Northern Rockies -- 11.1 Background and Cultural Context -- 11.2 Climate Change Effects on Cultural Resources -- 11.2.1 Primary Effects and Stressors -- 11.2.2 Spatial and Temporal Risk Assessment -- 11.3 Adapting Cultural Resources and Management to Climate Change -- References. , Chapter 12: Toward Climate-Smart Resource Management in the Northern Rockies -- 12.1 Partnership and Process -- 12.1.1 Increasing Organizational Capacity to Address Climate Change -- 12.1.2 Implementation: The Path Forward -- References -- Index.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    Keywords: Electronic books
    Description / Table of Contents: Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Disclaimer -- Contents -- 1 Assessing the State of Smoke Science -- 1.1 Recent Trends -- 1.2 Environmental and Social Context -- 1.3 Overview of This Assessment -- References -- 2 Fuels and Consumption -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Understanding How Fuels Contribute to Smoke -- 2.2 Wildland Fuels -- 2.2.1 Fuel Characteristics -- 2.2.2 Traditional Methods to Estimate Wildland Fuel Loadings -- 2.2.3 Emerging Technologies and Methods -- 2.3 Fuel Consumption -- 2.3.1 Indirect Estimates of Fuel Consumption -- 2.3.2 Direct Measures of Fuel Consumption -- 2.4 Gaps in Wildland Fuels Characterization -- 2.4.1 Scaling from Fine-Scale to Coarse-Scale Fuel Characterization -- 2.4.2 Challenges in Forest Floor Characterization -- 2.4.3 Modeling Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Wildland Fuels -- 2.5 Vision for Improving Fuel Science in Support of Smoke Science -- 2.6 Science Delivery to Managers -- 2.7 Research Needs -- 2.8 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Fire Behavior and Heat Release as Source Conditions for Smoke Modeling -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Current State of Science -- 3.2.1 Representing Fire in Smoke Models -- 3.2.2 Remote Sensing -- 3.2.3 Effects of Management Actions -- 3.3 Gaps in Understanding the Link Between Fire Behavior and Plume Dynamics -- 3.3.1 Heat Release -- 3.3.2 Fire Spread -- 3.3.3 Plume Cores -- 3.4 Vision for Improving Smoke Science -- 3.5 Emerging Issues and Challenges -- 3.5.1 Magnitude of Fire and Smoke Impacts -- 3.5.2 Managing Fuels to Minimize Air Quality Impacts -- 3.5.3 Need for Dispersion Climatologies -- 3.5.4 When and Where is Coupled Fire-Atmosphere Modeling Needed? -- 3.6 Conclusions -- 3.7 Key Findings -- 3.8 Key Information Needs -- References -- 4 Smoke Plume Dynamics -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Scientific Significance -- 4.1.2 Management Significance.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (346 pages)
    ISBN: 9783030870454
    Language: English
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Springer
    Keywords: Natural disasters. ; Fire ecology. ; Forestry. ; Pollution. ; Biology. ; Earth sciences. ; Geography.
    Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1. Assessing the State of Smoke Science -- Chapter 2. Fuels and Consumption -- Chapter 3. Fire Behavior and Heat Release as Source Conditions for Smoke -- Chapter 4. Smoke Plume Dynamics -- Chapter 5. Emissions -- Chapter 6. Smoke Chemistry -- Chapter 7. Social, Economic, and Health Effects of Smoke -- Chapter 8. Resource Manager Perspectives on the Need for Smoke Science -- Appendix A: Regional Perspectives on Smoke Issues and Management -- Appendix B: Smoke Monitoring Networks, Models, and Mapping Tools.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(XVI, 341 p. 63 illus., 50 illus. in color.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2022.
    ISBN: 9783030870454
    Language: English
    Note: Open Access
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  • 5
    Keywords: Environment ; Climate change ; Ecosystems ; Wildlife ; Fish ; Natural resources ; Rocky Mountains ; Klimaänderung ; Ökosystem
    Description / Table of Contents: This book is the result of a team of approximately 100 scientists and resource managers who worked together for two years to understand the effects of climatic variability and change on water resources, fisheries, forest vegetation, non-forest vegetation, wildlife, recreation, cultural resources and ecosystem services. Adaptation options, both strategic and tactical, were developed for each resource area. This information is now being applied in the northern rocky Mountains to ensure long-term sustainability in resource conditions. The volume chapters provide a technical assessment of the effects of climatic variability and change on natural and cultural resources, based on best available science, including new analyses obtained through modeling and synthesis of existing data. Each chapter also contains a summary of adaptation strategies (general) and tactics (on-the-ground actions) that have been developed by science-management teams
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 236 p. 42 illus., 37 illus. in color, online resource)
    ISBN: 9783319569284
    Series Statement: Advances in Global Change Research 63
    Language: English
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Global change biology 1 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Dendroecological techniques were used to describe the variation in growth response of subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa)to climate across a range of elevations (1350–1850 m) and annual precipitation (125–350 cm y−1) in the Olympic Mountains, Washington. Correlation analysis is used to describe individual growth-climate relationships. Growth response is quantified in years with unusually warmer, colder, wetter, and drier climates during the period 1895–1990. Combinations of climatic variables that result in unusually fast or slow growth years are also described. Differences in growth-climate relationships among sites, and among individuals from the same site, emphasize within-species variability in response to climate. Growth was not significantly faster or slower on the majority of sites for extreme climate years examined. Few climate variables are correlated with growth of the majority of individuals on most sites, suggesting that some individuals are relatively unresponsive to climate. Individual growth-climate correlations also indicate an increase in the percentage of individuals whose growth is significantly correlated with a climate variable, as the value of the mean site growth correlation increases for that climate variable. Individual differences in growth-climate relationships probably result from microsite variation (soil depth, soil moisture, wind, insolation) and from individual genetic differences. Descriptions of tree species response to climate change need to incorporate both individual and site variation in growth response to climate in order to accurately represent existing environmental heterogeneity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Global change biology 1 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Growth response of subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) to climate was studied across its local geographical and elevation range in the Olympic Mountains, Washington. A dendroecological analysis of subalpine fir across a range of elevations (1350-1850 m) and annual precipitation (125-350 cm y−1), was used to compare environmental factors affecting growth. Climate-growth relationships were explored using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients; partial correlation analysis was used to assess relationships among site chronologies and climatic variables. Radial growth is negatively correlated with winter precipitation at high elevation and wet sites, but not at low and middle elevation dry sites. Growth is positively correlated with current growing season temperature at all sites; however, growth is negatively correlated with previous year August temperature, indicating that climate affects growth in subsequent years. Positive correlations between growth and summer precipitation during the growing season at low and middle elevation dry sites suggest that soil moisture is partially limiting to growth on these sites. If the climate of the Pacific Northwest becomes warmer and drier, then subalpine fir growth may increase at high elevation and wet sites, but may decrease at lower elevation dry sites in the Olympic Mountains. However, the growth response of subalpine fir to potentially rapid climate change will not be uniform because subalpine fir grows over a wide range of topographic features, habitats, and local climates at different geographical scales. A comparison of growth response to current growing season temperature suggests that the temperature-related growth response of subalpine fir is not adequately described by the parabolic curve used in JABOWA-based models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 40 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A network of 32 drought sensitive tree-ring chronologies is used to reconstruct mean water year flow on the Columbia River at The Dalles, Oregon, since 1750. The reconstruction explains 30 percent of the variability in mean water year (October to September) flow, with a large portion of unexplained variance caused by underestimates of the most severe low flow events. Residual statistics from the tree-ring reconstruction, as well as an identically specified instrumental reconstruction, exhibit positive trends over time. This finding suggests that the relationship between drought and streamflow has changed over time, supporting results from hydrologic models, which suggest that changes in land cover over the 20th Century have had measurable impacts on runoff production. Low pass filtering the flow record suggests that persistent low flows during the 1840s were probably the most severe of the past 250 years, but that flows during the 1930s were nearly as extreme. The period from 1950 to 1987 is anomalous in the context of this record for having no notable multiyear drought events. A comparison of the flow reconstruction to paleorecords of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) support a strong 20th Century link between large scale circulation and streamflow, but suggests that this link is very weak prior to 1900.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental management 18 (1994), S. 729-742 
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Analytic hierarchy process ; resource allocation ; linear programming ; Olympic National Park
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Each National Park Service unit in the United States produces a resources management plan (RMP) every four years or less. The plans commit budgets and personnel to specific projects for four years, but they are prepared with little quantitative and analytical rigor and without formal decision-making tools. We have previously described a multiple objective planning process for inventory and monitoring programs (Schmoldt and others 1994). To test the applicability of that process for the more general needs of resources management planning, we conducted an exercise on the Olympic National Park (NP) in Washington State, USA. Eight projects were selected as typical of those considered in RMPs and five members of the Olympic NP staff used the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to prioritize the eight projects with respect to their implicit management objectives. By altering management priorities for the park, three scenarios were generated. All three contained some similarities in rankings for the eight projects, as well as some differences. Mathematical allocations of money and people differed among these scenarios and differed substantially from what the actual 1990 Olympic NP RMP contains. Combining subjective priority measures with budget dollars and personnel time into an objective function creates a subjective economic metric for comparing different RMP’s. By applying this planning procedure, actual expenditures of budget and personnel in Olympic NP can agree more closely with the staff’s management objectives for the park.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental management 18 (1994), S. 707-727 
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Analytic hierarchy process ; Capital budgeting ; Integer programming ; Multiple objective planning ; National parks ; Resource allocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Resource inventory and monitoring (I&M) programs in national parks combine multiple objectives in order to create a plan of action over a finite time horizon. Because all program activities are constrained by time and money, it is critical to plan I&M activities that make the best use of available agency resources. However, multiple objectives complicate a relatively straightforward allocation process. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) offers a structure for multiobjective decision making so that decision-makers’ preferences can be formally incorporated in seeking potential solutions. Within the AHP, inventory and monitoring program objectives and decision criteria are organized into a hierarchy. Pairwise comparisons among decision elements at any level of the hierarchy provide a ratio scale ranking of those elements. The resulting priority values for all projects are used as each project’s contribution to the value of an overall I&M program. These priorities, along with budget and personnel constraints, are formulated as a zero/one integer programming problem that can be solved to select those projects that produce the best program. An extensive example illustrates how this approach is being applied to I&M projects in national parks in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The proposed planning process provides an analytical framework for multicriteria decisionmaking that is rational, consistent, explicit, and defensible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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