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  • 1
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: 117 S , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Language: English
    Note: Literaturver. ; S.a. Zeitschriften : GARP / GATE
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  • 2
    Book
    Book
    o.O. : Univ. of Miami, Sea Grant Program
    Keywords: Oceanography Miscellanea ; Oceanography Problems, exercises, etc
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: IX, A-60, B-28 S , graph. Darst.
    DDC: 551.4/6/0076
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Book
    Book
    Honolulu : East-West Center Press
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: 68 S , graph. Darst., Kt
    Edition: 1. ed
    Series Statement: International Indian Ocean Expedition oceanographic monographs 1
    Language: English
    Note: Literaturverz. S. 67-68
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  • 4
    Keywords: Hochschulschrift
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: Online-Ressource (94 Seiten, 13 MB) , Diagramme, Karten
    Language: German
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  • 5
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: III, 36 S , Ill., graph. Darst
    Series Statement: HIG 69-1
    Language: English
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 13 (1978), S. 7-22 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A global picture of ocean current variability may be obtained by analyzing surface drift currents in terms of their mean and eddy kinetic energies. High values for both quantities are found in the western boundary currents and in the equatorial current system; low values are found in the interior of major gyres. However, nowhere are eddy energies less than 200 cm2 s−2, indicating that, even in the least energetic parts of the oceans, surface speeds of ~20 cm s−1 prevail. Recent experimental studies also support the widespread occurrence of mesoscale mid-oceanic eddies. Another type of eddy is abundant in the vicinity of boundary currents: examples include Gulf Stream Rings, the ‘Great Whirl’ of the Somali Current, and disturbances of the predominantly zonal equatorial flow manifested by large-scale meandering about the equator. Recent numerical models using low-viscosity and high-resolution computational grids also reveal the ubiquitous existence of mesoscale structures. The importance of eddies is that they seem to be energetic enough and sufficiently widespread so as to play some part — not yet understood — in the circulation of the world ocean. Speculative analogies to the atmosphere suggest that the mesoscale ocean eddies are ‘the storms and weather systems of the sea’. We need global statistics on their distribution, their occurrence in various oceanic regions, their dimensions, and their lifetimes. The prospect of even a single global oceanic ‘weather map’, comparable to those obtained daily for the atmosphere, is hopeless in terms ofin situ oceanographic observations. Remote sensing may provide a partial solution. In the past, sea-surface temperature observations by satellites have revealed cold and warm eddies shed by western boundary currents. Satellite observations, moreover, have shown the thermal effects of continental shelf waves and areas with pronounced upwelling. These phenomena are characterized by strong temperature gradients and relatively large differences in surface elevation. Mid-ocean eddies are far more subtle and difficult to observe since they possess smaller differences of temperature and sea-surface topography. Three representative examples, including recent experimental results in western boundary currents, the equatorial region, and a typical mid-ocean region, are discussed in detail. Typical signals of temperature and sea-level topography, as well as typical temporal and spatial scales of the observed phenomena, are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2022-06-15
    Description: Although vertical velocities are very small, they are of great importance with regard to chemical and biological processes in the sea. A study of the circulation phenomena of down- and upward moving watet masses is not possible experimentally. Therefore, the vertical velocities were determined by means of a theoretical model using empirical data obtained by R. V. "Meteor" in the Arabian Sea, during the period of tbe NE-monsoon 1964/65. Based upon the observed data for the density the physical topography of the sea level was calculated by means of the dynamic method. The wind registrations during the hydrographic stations of R. V. "Meteor" show a very constant wind distribution of the NE-monsoon. The data of wind distribution, shapes of sea level and pycnocline were used in a simple two dimensional two layer model with two constant densities and two constant vertical eddy coefficients. The main results are presented in horizontal charts for four levels from O to 300 m for the African and for the Indian coast (plate 6 and 7). The charts show alternative strips of weak upward and downward movements parallel to the coast. The width of the strips varies from 30 to 80 km. There are three areas of intensified vertical velocities: south of the island of Socotra (profile III), south of the equator near the coast of Mombasa (profile VIII), and southerly from Karachi (profile XV). These results of stripwise distribution of upward and downward velocities are compared for one case with the distribution of particulate carbon, which shows a similar alternative distribution of minimum and maximum values (plate 8). Maximum velocities of 2 · 10-4 cm/sec occur in profile XV, in the layers between 100 and 200 m. On the other profiles velocities are less than 10-5 cm/sec. In all cases it was found that the vertical velocities reach a maximum well below the pycnocline, in order to decrease in either direction.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2022-06-15
    Description: During the expedition of R.V. "Meteor" in the Indian Ocean the following data were observed on a section from 58° E, 3° S to 58 ° E, 2° N during the end of january 1965: Temperature and salinity by hydrographic casts as well as by continuous registrations with the bathysonde. In addition, observations of several chemical parameters, and measurements of the meridional and zonal current distribution down to 250 m depth were obtained. The results indicate no evidence of an eastward directed equatorial undercurrent towards the end of january 1965: On the contrary, we find relatively strong westward directed currents. Chemical data corroborate this fact as there is no similarity with the distribution of oxygen or phosphate on transequatorial sections from the Pacific or the Atlantic Ocean. A weak eastward directed component of current at 3° S indicates the appearance of the equatorial counter-current. The bathysonde-registrations indicate the existence of at least two characteristic watermasses: Water from the Arabian Sea between 50 to 100 m depth and water from the Red Sea at 700 to 800 m depth.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2022-06-13
    Description: The present volume gives the observed physical and chemical data obtained by R. V. "Meteor" in the Indian Ocean during her cruise 1964/65. The tables are based on the computations made by the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) in Washington. In addition to the normally communicated data, the tables contain four chemical parameters: alkalinity, ammonia, fluoride, and calcium.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2022-06-13
    Description: In this paper the sections for temperature and salinity are presented, which were obtained during the cruise of R. V. "Meteor" in the Indian Ocean (1964/65). The hydrographic observations in the Arabian Sea, had the aim to provide information on the influence of the NE-monsoon on the distribution of salinity and temperature off the east coast of Africa and off the west coast of India. Special attention was given to the spreading of highly saline water from the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. The track of the expedition was layed out according to these plans and is presented in figure 1. The data were collected by means of hydrographic casts with newly developed water bottles, and by means of "in-situ" measurements with the "bathysonde", an instrument for the continuous recording of electrical conductivity, temperature and pressure. This paper only deals with the data of the casts which are presented in a special publication together with the chemical data. The hydrographic conditions off the east coast of Africa are characterised by a rather complicated distribution of salinity within the first 1000 m of depth with several intermediate maxima and minima (hydrographic sections III-IX). This is due to the spreading of highly saline water mainly from the Red Sea, which can be traced southwards at least as far as 4° N (figure 9). Similar complicated conditions were found off the west coast of India (sections XI-XVI). Here the cause can be traced back to watermasses from the Persian Gulf. In depths below 2 000 m the TS-relation is virtually the same at both sides of the Arabian Sea.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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