Note: Intro -- Preface -- List of Lecturers and Students -- Lecturers -- Students -- Contents -- Part I -- Introduction -- Chapter-1 -- Ocean Forecasting in the 21st Century -- Abstract -- 1.1 Brief History of Oceanography -- 1.2 The Achievements of GODAE (1997-2008) -- 1.3 Key Future Research Priorities in Ocean Forecasting -- 1.3.1 The Challenges for the Next Decade -- 1.3.2 Ocean Modelling -- 1.3.3 Initialisation and Forecasting -- 1.3.4 The Global Ocean Observing System -- 1.3.5 Observing System Design and Adaptive Sampling -- 1.4 Scientific Objectives of GODAE OceanView -- 1.5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Part II -- Oceanographic Observing System -- Chapter-2 -- Satellites and Operational Oceanography -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Role of Satellites for Operational Oceanography -- 2.2.1 The Global Ocean Observing System and Operational Oceanography -- 2.2.2 The Unique Contribution of Satellite Observations -- 2.2.3 Main Requirements -- 2.2.4 Role of In-Situ Data -- 2.2.5 Data Processing Issues -- 2.2.6 Use of Satellite Data for Assimilation into Ocean Models -- 2.3 Overview of Satellite Oceanography Techniques -- 2.3.1 Passive/Active Techniques and Choice of Frequencies -- 2.3.2 Satellite Orbits and Measurement Characteristics -- 2.3.3 Radiation Laws and Emissivity -- 2.3.3.1 Radiation from a Blackbody -- 2.3.3.2 Graybodies and Emissivity -- 2.3.3.3 Retrieval of Geophysical Parameters for Microwave Radiometers -- 2.4 Altimetry -- 2.4.1 Overview -- 2.4.2 Measurement Principles -- 2.4.3 Geoid and Repeat-Track Analysis -- 2.4.4 High Level Data Processing Issues and Products -- 2.4.5 Sea Level Measurement Content -- 2.4.6 Operational Oceanography Requirements -- 2.5 Sea Surface Temperature -- 2.5.1 Sea Surface Temperature Measurements and Operational Oceanography -- 2.5.2 Measurement Principles. , 2.5.3 SST Infra-Red and Microwave Sensors -- 2.5.4 Key Developments in SST Data Processing -- 2.5.5 Operational Oceanography Requirements -- 2.5.6 Conclusions -- 2.6 Ocean Colour -- 2.6.1 Ocean Colour Measurements and Operational Oceanography -- 2.6.2 Measurement Principles -- 2.6.3 Processing Issues -- 2.6.4 Operational Oceanography Requirements -- 2.6.5 Conclusions -- 2.7 Other Techniques -- 2.7.1 Synthetic Aperture Radar -- 2.7.2 Sea Ice -- 2.7.3 Satellite Winds -- 2.7.4 A New Challenge: To Estimate Sea Surface Salinity from Space -- 2.8 Concluding Remarks -- 2.9 Useful URLs -- References -- Chapter-3 -- In-Situ Ocean Observing System -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Elements of Observing System -- 3.2.1 Tide Gauges -- 3.2.2 Voluntary Observing Ships -- 3.2.3 Ships of Opportunity -- 3.2.4 Drifting Buoys -- 3.2.5 Acoustic Tomography -- 3.2.6 Repeat Hydrography and Carbon Inventory -- 3.2.7 Moorings -- 3.2.8 Argo Profiling Floats -- 3.2.9 HF Radar -- 3.2.10 Gliders -- 3.3 Basin Scale Observing System-IndOOS -- 3.3.1 Moorings -- 3.3.2 Argo Profiling Floats -- 3.3.3 SOOP/XBT Lines -- 3.3.4 Drifting Buoys -- 3.3.5 Data Management -- 3.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter-4 -- Ocean Data Quality Control -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Ocean Observing Systems -- 4.2.1 Ship and Buoy Sea Surface Temperature and Salinity -- 4.2.2 Satellite Sea Surface Temperature -- 4.2.3 Sea Ice Concentration -- 4.2.4 Temperature and Salinity Profiles -- 4.2.5 Altimeter Sea Surface Height -- 4.2.6 Altimeter and Buoy Significant Wave Height -- 4.3 Preliminary Data Sensibility Checks -- 4.3.1 Land/Sea/Fresh Water Test -- 4.3.2 Location/Speed Test -- 4.3.3 Valid Value Range Tests -- 4.3.4 Duplicates -- 4.4 External Data Checks -- 4.4.1 Background Field Check -- 4.4.2 Cross Validation -- 4.4.3 Ship and Buoy Sea Surface Temperature. , 4.4.4 Satellite Sea Surface Temperature -- 4.4.4.1 Residual Cloud Contamination -- 4.4.4.2 Aerosol Contamination -- 4.4.4.3 Diurnal Warming -- 4.4.4.4 Microwave SST -- 4.4.5 Sea Ice Concentration -- 4.4.6 Temperature and Salinity Profiles -- 4.4.6.1 Instrumentation Error Checks -- 4.4.6.2 Static Stability -- 4.4.6.3 Vertical Gradient Checks -- 4.4.6.4 Profile Shape Comparisons -- 4.4.6.5 Gliders -- 4.4.7 Altimeter Sea Surface Height -- 4.4.8 Altimeter Significant Wave Height -- 4.5 Quality Control Decision-Making Algorithms -- 4.5.1 Quality Control System Performance -- 4.6 Internal Data Checks -- 4.7 Adjoint Sensitivities -- 4.8 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter-5 -- Observing System Design and Assessment -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Concepts for Observing System Design and Assessment -- 5.3 Methods and Examples -- 5.3.1 Observing System Experiments-OSEs -- 5.3.2 Observing System Simulation Experiments-OSSEs -- 5.3.3 Analysis Self-Sensitivity -- 5.3.4 Ensemble-Based Methods -- 5.3.5 Adjoint-Based Methods -- 5.4 Summary -- References -- Part III -- Atmospheric Forcing and Waves -- Chapter-6 -- Air-Sea Fluxes of Heat, Freshwater and Momentum -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Surface Flux Theory -- 6.2.1 Flux Components and Spatial Variation -- 6.2.2 Turbulent Flux Bulk Formulae -- 6.2.3 Radiative Flux Parameterisations -- 6.2.4 Wind Stress -- 6.2.5 Freshwater Flux -- 6.2.6 Density Flux -- 6.3 Air-Sea Flux Datasets -- 6.3.1 In Situ Observation Based Fields -- 6.3.2 Remotely Sensed fluxes -- 6.3.3 Atmospheric Model Reanalyses -- 6.3.4 Other Flux Products -- 6.4 Methodology for Evaluating Surface Fluxes -- 6.5 Surface Fluxes in the Global Climate System -- 6.5.1 The Implied Ocean Heat Transport and the Closure Problem -- 6.5.2 Climate Change Related Trends in Surface Fluxes. , 6.5.3 Relationship to Major Modes of Atmospheric Variability -- 6.6 Unresolved Issues and Conclusion -- 6.6.1 The Southern Ocean Sampling Problem -- 6.6.2 Estimating Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) Variability from Surface Fluxes -- References -- Chapter-7 -- Coastal Tide Gauge Observations: Dynamic Processes Present in the Fremantle Record -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 The Study Region -- 7.2 Data -- 7.3 Seiches -- 7.4 Tsunamis -- 7.5 Tides -- 7.6 Coastal-Trapped Waves -- 7.7 Seasonal Changes -- 7.8 Inter-Annual Changes -- 7.9 Decadal Variations Due to Tides -- 7.10 Global Mean Sea Level Processes -- References -- Chapter-8 -- Surface Waves -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Governing Equations -- 8.3 Dispersion Relation -- 8.3.1 Phase Velocity and Group Velocity -- 8.4 Basic Definitions -- 8.4.1 The Wave Spectrum -- 8.4.2 Significant Wave Height -- 8.5 Operational Wave Modelling -- 8.5.1 Background and Basics -- 8.5.2 Operational Centres -- 8.5.3 Outlook -- References -- Chapter-9 -- Tides and Internal Waves on the Continental Shelf -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Laboratory Models -- 9.3 Field Scale Observations -- 9.4 Internal Waves and Cyclones -- References -- Part IV -- Modelling -- Chapter-10 -- Eddying vs. Laminar Ocean Circulation Models and Their Applications -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Ubiquity of Eddies in the Ocean -- 10.1.2 Ocean Mesoscale Eddies: A Definition -- 10.1.3 Importance of Mesoscale Eddies -- 10.2 Some Resolution Issues in Ocean Models -- 10.2.1 Resolved and Unresolved Scales of Motion -- 10.2.2 Eddying Versus Laminar Ocean Models -- 10.2.3 Parameterisation of Mesoscale Eddies in Laminar Models -- 10.3 Advanced Numerical Schemes and Resolution -- 10.4 Impact of Resolution on Model Solution -- 10.4.1 DRAKKAR Hierarchy of Model Configurations. , 10.4.2 Some Impacts of Resolution Increase -- 10.5 Conclusion -- 10.6.1 Definitions -- 10.6.2 Equations -- Appendix -- References -- Chapter-11 -- Isopycnic and Hybrid Ocean Modeling in the Context of GODAE -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Ocean Model Requirements for GODAE -- 11.3 Challenges -- 11.4 On the Use of Potential Density as a Vertical Coordinate -- 11.5 Application: The HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) -- 11.5.1 Hybrid Coordinate Generator -- 11.5.2 The HYCOM Ocean Prediction Systems (http://www.hycom.org) -- 11.5.3 Distribution of Global HYCOM Hindcasts and Forecasts -- 11.5.4 Boundary Conditions for Regional and Coastal Models Nested in HYCOM -- 11.5.5 HYCOM Long-Term Development -- 11.6 Outlook -- References -- Chapter-12 -- Marine Biogeochemical Modelling and Data Assimilation -- Abstract -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Biogeochemical Modelling -- 12.3 Biogeochemical Data Assimilation -- 12.3.1 Parameter Estimation -- 12.3.2 Ocean State Estimation -- 12.4 Challenges of Adding BGC Data Assimilation to GODAE Systems -- 12.4.1 Background -- 12.4.2 Potential Issues and Solutions -- 12.4.3 Pilot BGC Data Assimilation Using BECs -- 12.4.4 Proposed Sequential Data Assimilation for BGC State Estimation -- 12.5 Conclusion -- References -- Part V -- Data Assimilation -- Chapter-13 -- Introduction to Ocean Data Assimilation -- Abstract -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 The Purpose of Data Assimilation -- 13.3 Mathematical Formulation -- 13.3.1 Bayes' Theorem -- 13.3.2 Example 1: Estimation of a Scalar -- 13.3.2.1 Example 2: Estimation of a Vector (Optimal Interpolation) -- 13.3.3 Sequential Filtering Algorithms -- 13.4 Summary: Components of Data Assimilation Systems -- 13.5 Analysis of Data Assimilation Systems -- 13.5.1 Implementation and Solution Algorithms -- 13.5.1.1 Variational Data Assimilation -- 13.5.1.2 Incremental 4D-Var. , 13.5.1.3 The Dual Formulation.

Note: Literaturangaben

Note: Zusammenfassung in deutscher und englischer Sprache

Note: Literaturverz. S. 149 - 157 , Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Diss. : 1993