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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    New York :Cambridge University Press,
    Keywords: Precipitation (Meteorology). ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: This key new textbook provides a state-of-the-art view of the physics of cloud and precipitation formation, covering microphysics, thermodynamics and cloud-scale dynamics. An ideal text for graduate and advanced undergraduate courses, and a key reference for academic researchers and professionals working in atmospheric science, meteorology, climatology, remote sensing and environmental science.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (478 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781107306318
    DDC: 551.576
    Language: English
    Note: Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Observation of clouds -- 1.1 Water vapor in the atmosphere -- 1.2 Where do clouds occur in the atmosphere? -- 1.3 Conventional classifications of clouds -- 1.3.1 High clouds (base height greater than 6000 m) -- 1.3.2 Middle clouds (base height between 2000 and 6000 m) -- 1.3.3 Low clouds (base height lower than 2000 m) -- 1.3.4 Clouds with vertical development -- 1.4 Precipitation -- 1.5 Observing clouds from an aircraft -- 1.6 Cloud classification according to the phase of water substance -- 1.7 Remote-sensing techniques of cloud observation -- 1.7.1 Radar and lidar techniques -- 1.7.2 Satellite techniques -- Problem -- 2 The shape and size of cloud and precipitation particles -- 2.1 Clouds as a colloidal system -- 2.2 Frequency of liquid water and ice clouds in subfreezing environment -- 2.3 Types of particles in clouds and precipitation -- 2.4 Sampling of cloud and precipitation particles -- 2.5 Cloud droplet size distributions -- 2.5.1 Mathematical expressions of cloud drop size distributions -- 2.6 Raindrop size distributions -- 2.6.1 Double-gamma distribution -- 2.7 Raindrop shape problem -- 2.7.1 Quasi-spheroid approach -- 2.7.2 Conical particle approach -- 2.8 Size and shape of graupel and hail -- 2.9 Shape and size of ice crystals and snowflakes -- 2.9.1 Habit of ice crystals -- 2.9.2 Magono-Lee classification -- 2.9.3 Dimensional relations -- 2.9.4 Ice crystal and snowflake size and shape distribution -- 2.9.5 Mathematical representations of ice and snow crystal shapes -- Problems -- 3 Molecular structures of water substance -- 3.1 Single water molecule -- 3.1.1 Electronic structure of the water molecule -- 3.1.2 Electric dipole moment -- 3.1.3 Water isotopes -- 3.2 Hydrogen bonds -- 3.3 Structure of water vapor -- 3.4 Molecular structure of ice -- 3.4.1 Ice-Ih -- Defects in ice-Ih. , Quasi-liquid layer on ice surface -- 3.4.2 Ice-Ic -- 3.4.3 Other forms of ice -- 3.5 Molecular structure of liquid water -- Problems -- 4 Bulk thermodynamic equilibrium among water vapor, liquid water, and ice -- 4.1 Thermodynamic systems -- 4.2 The first law of thermodynamics - conservation of energy -- 4.3 Closed systems -- 4.4 Adiabatic process for a closed system -- 4.5 A simple conceptual model for small cumulus cloud formation -- 4.6 Entropy -- 4.7 Open systems -- 4.8 Gibbs-Duhem relation -- 4.9 General condition of thermodynamic equilibrium -- 4.10 Clausius-Clapeyron equation -- 4.11 Phase diagram for water substance -- 4.12 Supercooling and the Bergeron-Findeisen process -- 4.13 Order of phase change -- 4.14 Calculation of the saturation vapor pressures -- Problems -- 5 Surface thermodynamics of water substance -- 5.1 The interface as a phase -- 5.2 Surface tension of liquids -- 5.3 Surface tension of solids -- 5.4 Mechanical equilibrium among curved interface systems -- 5.5 Contact angle and wettability -- 5.6 Component chemical potentials in an ideal gas mixture -- 5.7 The chemical potential of water in an aqueous solution -- 5.8 Ideal and non-ideal solutions -- 5.9 Equilibrium between two phases separated by curved interface -- 5.9.1 Generalized Clausius-Clapeyron equation -- 5.11 Köhler equation - equilibrium between an aqueous solution drop and humid air -- 5.11.1 Stable equilibrium regime -- 5.11.2 Unstable equilibrium regime -- 5.11.3 The Kelvin curve -- 5.11.4 The effect of different solutes -- 5.12 Surface of ice crystals -- 5.13 Summary -- Problems -- 6 Aerosol in the atmosphere -- 6.1 Aerosol size categories -- 6.2 Aerosol concentration -- 6.3 Variation of aerosol concentration with height -- 6.4 Aerosol size distributions -- 6.5 Brownian coagulation and the aging of aerosols -- 6.6 Physicochemical pathways of aerosol production. , 6.6.1 Primary and secondary aerosol -- 6.7 Sources of aerosol particles -- 6.7.1 Fragmentation of land surface -- Dust storms -- Biomass burning -- Volcanic activity -- Human industrial activity -- 6.7.2 Ocean surface process -- 6.7.3 Biogenic aerosols -- 6.7.4 Extraterrestrial source -- 6.8 Removal mechanisms of aerosol particles -- 6.8.1 Dry removal -- Gravitational settling -- Attachment on obstacle surfaces -- Particle coagulation -- 6.8.2 Wet removal -- In-cloud scavenging (rainout) -- Below-cloud scavenging (washout) -- Problems -- 7 Nucleation -- 7.1 Homogeneous nucleation of water drops -- 7.2 The population of embryos -- 7.3 Free energy of i-mer formation -- 7.4 Molecular dynamics simulation of homogeneous freezing of pure water -- 7.5 Heterogeneous nucleation -- 7.6 Cloud condensation nuclei -- 7.6.1 Chemical properties of cloud condensation nuclei -- 7.7 Nucleation of water drops on a plane substrate -- 7.7.1 Plane substrate -- 7.7.2 Curved substrate -- 7.7.3 Size dependence of cloud condensation nuclei -- 7.8 Electrical effect on the nucleation of liquid water -- 7.9 Ice nuclei -- 7.10 The chemical composition of natural ice nuclei -- 7.11 Ice nuclei concentrations -- 7.12 Criteria for effective ice nuclei -- 7.13 Ice multiplication -- 7.13.1 Fragmentation of ice crystals -- 7.13.2 Shattering of freezing drops -- 7.13.3 Hallett-Mossop mechanism -- Problems -- 8 Hydrodynamics of cloud and precipitation particles -- 8.1 Basic equations governing the flow past an obstacle -- 8.2 Flow characteristics and Reynolds number -- 8.3 Hydrodynamic behavior of falling cloud drops -- 8.3.1 Streamfunction formulation of flow fields -- 8.3.2 Stokes flow -- Drag force on a very small sphere -- 8.3.3 Oseen flow and Carrier's modification -- 8.3.4 Potential flow -- 8.3.5 Hadamard-Rybczynski flow past liquid spheres. , 8.3.6 Numerical solutions of flow past spherical drops -- 8.4 Flow past large drops -- 8.4.1 Drag coefficients for falling water drops -- 8.4.2 Fall behavior of raindrops -- Drop shape as a function of size -- Oscillation of large falling raindrops -- Drop canting -- Drop breakup -- 8.5 Hydrodynamic behavior of falling ice particles -- 8.5.1 Fall patterns of ice particles -- 8.5.2 Flow fields around falling ice particles -- Flow fields around vertically falling columnar ice crystals -- Flow fields around vertically falling hexagonal ice plates and broad-branch crystals -- Flow fields around falling conical graupel -- 8.6 Terminal velocities of falling cloud and precipitation particles -- 8.6.1 Cloud and raindrops -- Distance required for water drops to reach terminal velocity -- 8.6.2 Ice particles -- Problems -- 9 Diffusion growth and evaporation of cloud and precipitation particles -- 9.1 Diffusion of water vapor around a spherical water drop -- 9.1.1 Stationary water drop -- 9.1.2 Effect of latent heat -- 9.2 Diffusion growth of a stationary aqueous solution drop -- 9.3 Ventilation effect -- 9.4 Diffusion growth of ice crystals - electrostatic analogy -- 9.4.1 Ventilation effect on falling ice crystals -- 9.5 Habit change of ice crystals -- Problems -- 10 Collision, coalescence, breakup, and melting -- 10.1 Definition of collision efficiency -- 10.2 Theoretical determination of collision efficiency -- 10.3 Impact of turbulence on collision efficiency -- 10.4 Coalescence of water drops -- 10.5 Collision between ice particles and supercooled water drops -- 10.5.1 Dry growth, wet growth, and the Schumann-Ludlam limit -- 10.5.2 A general description of the riming process -- 10.6 Collision efficiency between ice crystals and supercooled drops -- 10.6.1 Preferential riming near the rim of the crystal -- 10.6.2 Riming on snowflakes. , 10.7 Growth rates of rimed crystals to form graupel and hail -- 10.8 Collision between ice particles -- 10.9 Melting of graupel, hail, and snowflakes -- 10.9.1 Melting of small frozen drops -- 10.9.2 Melting of large ice particles -- 10.10 Theoretical models of ice particle melting -- 10.11 The melting of snowflakes and the bright band -- 10.11.1 Fall attitudes of falling melting snowflakes -- 10.11.2 Morphological changes of snowflakes during melting -- Problems -- 11 Cloud drop population dynamics in the warm rain process -- 11.1 Continuous growth model -- 11.2 Stochastic growth model -- 11.3 Impact of the initial cloud drop size distribution -- 11.4 The condensation broadening of the coalescence growth size spectrum -- 11.5 The impact of giant and ultragiant condensation nuclei -- 11.6 Drop breakup effect on the drop spectrum -- Problem -- 12 Fundamental cloud dynamics -- 12.1 Cloud motions -- 12.2 Adiabatic ascent of an unsaturated air parcel -- 12.2.1 Lifting condensation level -- 12.3 Moist adiabatic process -- 12.4 Buoyancy and static stability -- 12.5 The adiabatic parcel model of cloud formation -- 12.5.1 Convection condensation level -- 12.6 Corrections to the parcel model -- 12.6.1 Burden of condensed water -- 12.6.2 Adiabatic slice model - a first correction to the test parcel model -- 12.6.3 Dynamic coupling of the parcel and the environment -- 12.7 Brunt-Väisälä frequency -- 12.8 Convection process -- 12.8.1 Thermals and plumes -- 12.8.2 Lidar observations of thermals and small cumulus clouds -- 12.9 Entrainment -- 12.9.1 Lateral entrainment -- 12.9.2 Cloud top entrainment -- 12.9.3 Effect of entrainment on convective clouds -- 12.10 Summary -- Problems -- 13 Numerical cloud models -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Types of cloud models -- 13.2.1 Dimensions of cloud models -- One-dimensional models -- Two-dimensional models. , Three-dimensional models.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Singapore :Springer Singapore Pte. Limited,
    Keywords: Mathematical physics. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (183 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9789813344310
    Series Statement: Atmosphere, Earth, Ocean and Space Series
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Preface -- References -- Contents -- 1 Clouds and Precipitation Particles -- 1.1 Clouds in the Atmosphere -- 1.2 Impact of Particle Motions on the Physics of Clouds -- 1.3 Cloud and Precipitation Particles -- 1.3.1 Cloud Particles -- 1.3.2 Precipitation Particles -- References -- 2 Observational Studies of Ice Hydrometeors and Their Fall Behavior -- References -- 3 Physics and Mathematics of the Hydrodynamics of Falling Ice Particles -- 3.1 Physical Configuration of the Problem -- 3.2 Numerical Methods of Solving Unsteady Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equation -- 3.2.1 ANSYS Fluent -- 3.2.2 Numerical Mesh Configuration -- 3.2.3 Specifying the Shapes of Ice Particles -- 3.2.4 Tait-Bryan Angles -- 3.2.5 Initial Perturbation -- 3.2.6 Instantaneous Velocity, Terminal Velocity and Reynolds Numbers -- 3.2.7 Computational Strategy -- 3.3 Ventilation: A Convective Diffusion Problem -- 3.4 Terminal Velocity -- References -- 4 Flow Fields and Fall Attitudes of Ice Hydrometeors -- 4.1 Flow Fields Around Freely Falling Hexagonal Ice Plates -- 4.1.1 Dimensions of Ice Plates -- 4.1.2 Terminal Velocities of Falling Ice Plates of 1-10 mm Diameter -- 4.1.3 Fall Attitudes -- 4.1.4 Characteristics of Flow Around Falling Ice Plates -- 4.1.5 Drag Coefficients -- 4.2 Flow Fields Around Freely Hexagonal Ice Columns -- 4.2.1 Dimensions of Hexagonal Ice Columns -- 4.2.2 Fall Patterns of Hexagonal Columns -- 4.2.3 Stability Diagram -- 4.2.4 Torque and Flow Fields -- 4.2.5 Drag Coefficients -- 4.2.6 Impact of Fluttering and Rotation of Ice Columns -- 4.3 Stellar and Broad Branch Crystals -- 4.3.1 Dimensions of Planar Ice Crystals -- 4.3.2 Flow Characteristics -- 4.3.3 Fall Attitudes -- 4.3.4 Vorticity -- 4.3.5 Terminal Velocity -- 4.3.6 Drag Coefficients -- 4.4 Fall Behavior of Snow Aggregates -- 4.5 Motion of Falling Conical Graupel. , 4.5.1 Defining the Shape of Conical Graupel -- 4.5.2 Dimensions of Conical Graupel -- 4.5.3 Fall Attitudes and Flow Characteristics -- 4.5.4 Horizontal Displacement -- 4.5.5 Drag Coefficients -- 4.6 Spherical Hailstones -- 4.6.1 Dimensions and Velocities of Hailstones Examined -- 4.6.2 Flow Characteristics -- 4.6.3 Drag Coefficients -- 4.7 Lobbed Hailstones -- 4.7.1 Mathematical Formulation for Lobed Hailstones -- 4.7.2 Characteristics of the Flow Fields Around Falling Lobed Hailstones -- 4.7.3 Drag Coefficients -- References -- 5 Ventilation Effect of Falling Ice Hydrometeors -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Vapor Density Distributions and Ventilation Coefficients -- 5.2.1 Planar Ice Crystals -- 5.2.2 Vapor Density Around Falling Smooth Spherical Hailstones -- 5.2.3 Vapor Distribution Around Falling Lobed Hailstones -- References.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    San Diego :Elsevier Science & Technology,
    Keywords: Ice clouds. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (287 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9780080508443
    DDC: 551.57/8
    Language: English
    Note: Front Cover -- ICE MICRODYNAMICS -- Copyright Page -- CONTENTS -- Preface -- Part 1: Shape and Microdynamics of Ice Particles and Their Effects in Cirrus Clouds -- Chapter 1. Ice Particles in the Atmosphere -- 1.1 Ice Particles-A Personal Perspective -- 1.2 Some Historical Notes on the Knowledge of Ice Particles in Ancient China -- 1.3 A Brief Summary of the Following Sections -- Chapter 2. Mathematical Descriptions of Ice Particle Size and Shape -- 2.1 Size Distribution versus Size-Shape Distributions -- 2.2 Mathematical Expression Describing the Two-Dimensional Shapes of Hexagonal Ice Crystals -- 2.3 Approximating an Exact Hexagonal Plate -- 2.4 Two-Dimensional Characterization of an Ensemble of Planar Hexagonal Ice Crystals -- 2.5 Mathematical Expressions Describing the Three-Dimensional Shapes of Ice Crystals -- 2.6 Mathematical Expressions Describing Conical Hydrometeors -- Chapter 3. Hydrodynamics of Ice Particles -- 3.1 Fall Attitude of Ice Particles -- 3.2 Review of Previous Studies -- 3.3 The Physics and Mathematics of Unsteady Flow Fields around Nonspherical Ice Particles -- 3.4 The Numerical Scheme -- 3.5 Results and Discussion -- Chapter 4. Vapor Diffusion, Ventilation, and Collisional Efficiencies of Ice Crystals -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Vapor Diffusion Fields around a Stationary Columnar Ice Crystal -- 4.3 Ventilation Coefficients for Falling Ice Crystals -- 4.4 Collision Efficiencies of Ice Crystals Collecting Supercooled Droplets -- Chapter 5. Scavenging and Transportation of Aerosol Particles by Ice Crystals in Clouds -- 5.1 Importance of Aerosol Particles in the Atmosphere -- 5.2 Physical Mechanisms of Precipitation Scavenging -- 5.3 The Theoretical Problem of Ice Scavenging of Aerosol Particles -- 5.4 Physics and Mathematics of the Models -- 5.5 Efficiencies of Ice Plates Collecting Aerosol Particles. , 5.6 Efficiencies of Columnar Ice Crystals Collecting Aerosol Particles -- 5.7 Comparison of Collection Efficiency of Aerosol Particles by Individual Water Droplets, Ice Plates, and Ice Columns -- 5.8 Experimental Verification of Collection Efficiencies -- Chapter 6. Evolution of Ice Crystals in the Development of Cirrus Clouds -- 6.1 Cirrus Clouds, Radiation, and Climate -- 6.2 Physics of the Model -- 6.3 Design of the Present Simulation Study -- 6.4 Numerics of the Model -- 6.5 Results and Discussion -- Appendix A. Area of an Axial Cross Section -- Appendix B. Calculation of Volume -- Appendix C. Closed-Form Expression of the Conical Volume -- References -- Index.
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Singapore : Springer Singapore | Singapore : Imprint: Springer
    Keywords: Physical geography. ; Continuum physics. ; Mathematical physics. ; Water.
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction -- Ice Hydrometeors in Atmospheric Clouds -- Observed fall attitudes of ice hydrometeors -- Physics and mathematics of the theoretical problems -- Flow fields and fall attitudes of ice hydrometeors -- Ventilation effects of falling ice hydrometeors and their impacts -- Summary and outlook.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(VIII, 176 p. 142 illus., 40 illus. in color.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2021.
    ISBN: 9789813344310
    Series Statement: Atmosphere, Earth, Ocean & Space
    Language: English
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  • 5
    Book
    Book
    Cambridge [u.a.] : Cambridge Univ. Press
    Keywords: Cloud physics ; Precipitation (Meteorology) ; Atmosphäre ; Physik ; Wolke ; Niederschlag ; Atmosphäre ; Physik ; Wolke ; Niederschlag
    Description / Table of Contents: "This key new textbook provides a state-of-the-art view of the physics of cloud and precipitation formation, covering the most important topics in the field: the microphysics, thermodynamics, and cloud-scale dynamics. Highlights include: the condensation process explained with new insights from chemical physics studies; the impact of the particle curvature (the Kelvin equation) and solute effect "--
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: XVI, 452 S. , Ill., graph. Darst.
    ISBN: 9781107005563
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and computational fluid dynamics 3 (1991), S. 43-59 
    ISSN: 1432-2250
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The flow past finite circular cylinders for Reynolds numbers 40 and 70 were simulated by numerical solutions of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. A nonuniform cartesian grid was used for the computation. The numerical scheme used was the QUICK scheme. Comparisons with experimental measurements of Jayaweera and Mason show that the results of the simulation are satisfactory. Features of three-dimensional unsteady viscous flow past finite cylinders, such as the pyramidal wake and the three-dimensional von Karmen vortex street, are successfully simulated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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