Keywords:
Atmospheric physics.
;
Engineering meteorology.
;
Wind power.
;
Electronic books.
Description / Table of Contents:
An introduction to the meteorological boundary conditions for power generation from onshore and offshore wind, this book reviews the derivation of wind laws and wind profile descriptions, and discusses the efficiency of large wind parks and their wakes.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (276 pages)
Edition:
2nd ed.
ISBN:
9783319728599
Series Statement:
Green Energy and Technology Series
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=5334732
DDC:
551.5
Language:
English
Note:
Intro -- Preface of the Second Edition -- Preface of the First Edition -- Contents -- List of Figures -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Scope of the Book -- 1.2 Overview of Existing Literature -- 1.3 History of Wind Energy Generation -- 1.4 Potential of Wind Energy Generation -- 1.5 Present Status of Wind Energy Generation -- 1.6 Structure of This Book -- References -- 2 Wind Regimes -- 2.1 Global Circulation -- 2.2 Driving Forces -- 2.2.1 Hydrostatic Equation -- 2.2.2 Momentum Budget Equations for the Wind -- 2.3 Geostrophic Winds and Gradient Winds -- 2.4 Thermal Winds -- 2.5 Boundary Layer Winds -- 2.6 Thunderstorm Gusts and Tornados -- 2.6.1 Thunderstorm Gusts -- 2.6.2 Tornadoes -- 2.7 Air Density -- 2.8 Thermal Stratification of the Air -- 2.8.1 The Geostrophic Drag Law -- References -- 3 Vertical Profiles Over Flat Terrain -- 3.1 Surface Layer (Prandtl Layer) -- 3.1.1 Logarithmic Wind Profile -- 3.1.1.1 Neutral Stratification -- 3.1.1.2 Unstable Stratification -- 3.1.1.3 Stable Stratification -- 3.1.2 Power Law -- 3.1.3 Comparison Between Logarithmic and Power Law -- 3.1.4 Vertical Gust Profile with Large Wind Speeds -- 3.2 Profile Laws Above the Surface Layer -- 3.2.1 Ekman Layer Equations -- 3.2.2 Inertial Oscillations in the Ekman Layer -- 3.2.3 Vertical Wind Profiles in the Ekman Layer -- 3.2.4 Unified Description of the Wind Profile for the Boundary Layer -- 3.2.4.1 Neutral Conditions -- 3.2.4.2 Non-neutral Conditions -- 3.3 Spectra -- 3.4 Diurnal Variations of the Wind Profile -- 3.4.1 Vertical Profiles of the Weibull Parameters -- 3.4.2 Low-Level Jets -- 3.4.2.1 Origin of Low-Level Jets -- 3.4.2.2 Frequency of Low-Level Jets -- 3.4.2.3 Vertical Wind Profiles Below the Jet Core -- 3.5 Internal Boundary Layers -- 3.6 Wind and Turbulence Profiles Over Forests -- 3.7 Winds in Cities -- 3.7.1 Characteristics of Urban Boundary Layers.
,
3.7.2 Vertical Profiles of Wind and Turbulence -- 3.7.3 Special Flow Phenomena in Urban Canopy Layers -- 3.8 Summary for Flat Terrain -- References -- 4 Winds in Complex Terrain -- 4.1 Characteristics of Boundary Layers Over Complex Terrain -- 4.1.1 Mountain and Valley Winds -- 4.1.2 Katabatic Winds -- 4.2 Wind Profiles Over a Hill -- 4.2.1 Potential Flow -- 4.2.2 Modified Potential Flow: Addition of an Inner Layer -- 4.2.3 Modified Potential Flow: Consideration of Thermal Stability -- 4.2.4 Weibull Parameters Over a Hill -- 4.3 Wind Profiles Over an Escarpment -- 4.4 Terrain Ruggedness -- 4.5 Spectra -- 4.6 Diurnal Variation -- 4.7 Summary for Complex Terrain -- References -- 5 Offshore Winds -- 5.1 Characteristics of Marine Boundary Layers -- 5.1.1 Sea Surface Roughness and Drag Coefficient -- 5.1.2 Fetch and Stability-Dependent Wave Formation -- 5.1.3 Extreme Wave Heights -- 5.1.4 Wave Age -- 5.1.5 Impact of the Vertical Moisture Profile -- 5.1.6 Annual and Diurnal Variations -- 5.2 Vertical Profiles -- 5.3 Extreme Wind Speeds -- 5.4 Turbulence -- 5.4.1 Turbulence Intensity -- 5.4.2 Wind Speed Variances -- 5.4.3 Turbulence Length Scales and Inclination Angles -- 5.4.4 Gust Events -- 5.5 Weibull Parameter -- 5.6 Coastal Effects -- 5.6.1 Land and Sea Winds -- 5.6.2 Low-Level Jets -- 5.7 Summary for Marine Boundary Layers -- References -- 6 Physics of Wind Parks -- 6.1 Turbine Wakes -- 6.2 Analytical Model for Mean Wind Speed in Wind Parks -- 6.3 Analytical Model for the Length of Wind Park Wakes -- 6.4 Application of the Analytical Model with FINO1 Stability Data -- 6.5 Observed Wind Park Wakes -- 6.6 Impact of Passing Over the Cut-off Wind Speed -- 6.7 Risks That a Tornado Hits a Wind Park -- 6.8 Summary for Wind Parks -- References -- 7 Wind Data Sources -- 7.1 Measurements -- 7.1.1 In Situ Measurements -- 7.1.1.1 Cup Anemometers.
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7.1.1.2 Sonic Anemometers -- 7.1.2 Surface-Based Remote Sensing -- 7.1.2.1 Optical Remote Sensing -- 7.1.2.2 Range Determination by Signal Delay -- 7.1.2.3 Range Determination by Beam Focussing -- 7.1.2.4 Remote Sensing in Complex Terrain -- 7.1.3 Determination of Mixing Height -- 7.1.3.1 Acoustic Detection Methods -- 7.1.3.2 Optical Detection Methods -- 7.1.3.3 RASS -- 7.1.4 Satellite Data -- 7.1.5 SCADA Data -- 7.1.6 Representativity and Quality of Measured Wind Data -- 7.2 Reanalysis Data -- 7.3 Models -- 7.3.1 Analytical Models -- 7.3.2 Mesoscale Numerical Models -- 7.3.3 Microscale Large Eddy Simulations -- 7.3.4 The Gap Problem Between the Mesoscale and the Microscale -- 7.4 Statistical Tools -- 7.4.1 Time Series Analysis -- 7.4.2 Mean Wind Speed Spectrum and the Weibull Distribution -- 7.4.3 Extreme Mean Wind Speeds and the Gumbel Distribution -- 7.4.4 Extreme Gusts -- 7.4.5 Gust Duration and Wind Acceleration in Gusts -- 7.4.6 Size of Turbulence Elements -- 7.4.7 Measure-Correlate-Predict (MCP) -- 7.5 Summary -- References -- 8 Noise Generation and Noise Propagation -- 8.1 Noise Generation -- 8.2 Definition of Noise Levels -- 8.3 Noise Propagation -- 8.3.1 Noise Attenuation -- 8.3.2 Noise Refraction -- 8.4 Summary -- References -- 9 Other Meteorological Issues -- 9.1 Icing -- 9.2 Lightning -- 9.3 Aerosols, Dust, Salt -- 9.4 Summary -- References -- 10 Outlook -- 10.1 Size of Wind Turbines -- 10.2 Size of Offshore Wind Parks -- 10.3 Other Techniques of Converting Wind Energy -- 10.4 New Measurement and Modelling Tools to Assess Wind Conditions -- 10.5 Wind Resources and Climate Change -- 10.6 Repercussions of Large-Scale Wind Power Extraction on Weather and Climate -- 10.6.1 Local and Regional Effects -- 10.6.2 Global Effects -- References -- Index.
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