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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham :Springer International Publishing AG,
    Keywords: Atmospheric physics. ; Engineering meteorology. ; Wind power. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: An introduction to the meteorological boundary conditions for power generation from onshore and offshore wind, this book reviews the derivation of wind laws and wind profile descriptions, and discusses the efficiency of large wind parks and their wakes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (276 pages)
    Edition: 2nd ed.
    ISBN: 9783319728599
    Series Statement: Green Energy and Technology Series
    DDC: 551.5
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Preface of the Second Edition -- Preface of the First Edition -- Contents -- List of Figures -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Scope of the Book -- 1.2 Overview of Existing Literature -- 1.3 History of Wind Energy Generation -- 1.4 Potential of Wind Energy Generation -- 1.5 Present Status of Wind Energy Generation -- 1.6 Structure of This Book -- References -- 2 Wind Regimes -- 2.1 Global Circulation -- 2.2 Driving Forces -- 2.2.1 Hydrostatic Equation -- 2.2.2 Momentum Budget Equations for the Wind -- 2.3 Geostrophic Winds and Gradient Winds -- 2.4 Thermal Winds -- 2.5 Boundary Layer Winds -- 2.6 Thunderstorm Gusts and Tornados -- 2.6.1 Thunderstorm Gusts -- 2.6.2 Tornadoes -- 2.7 Air Density -- 2.8 Thermal Stratification of the Air -- 2.8.1 The Geostrophic Drag Law -- References -- 3 Vertical Profiles Over Flat Terrain -- 3.1 Surface Layer (Prandtl Layer) -- 3.1.1 Logarithmic Wind Profile -- 3.1.1.1 Neutral Stratification -- 3.1.1.2 Unstable Stratification -- 3.1.1.3 Stable Stratification -- 3.1.2 Power Law -- 3.1.3 Comparison Between Logarithmic and Power Law -- 3.1.4 Vertical Gust Profile with Large Wind Speeds -- 3.2 Profile Laws Above the Surface Layer -- 3.2.1 Ekman Layer Equations -- 3.2.2 Inertial Oscillations in the Ekman Layer -- 3.2.3 Vertical Wind Profiles in the Ekman Layer -- 3.2.4 Unified Description of the Wind Profile for the Boundary Layer -- 3.2.4.1 Neutral Conditions -- 3.2.4.2 Non-neutral Conditions -- 3.3 Spectra -- 3.4 Diurnal Variations of the Wind Profile -- 3.4.1 Vertical Profiles of the Weibull Parameters -- 3.4.2 Low-Level Jets -- 3.4.2.1 Origin of Low-Level Jets -- 3.4.2.2 Frequency of Low-Level Jets -- 3.4.2.3 Vertical Wind Profiles Below the Jet Core -- 3.5 Internal Boundary Layers -- 3.6 Wind and Turbulence Profiles Over Forests -- 3.7 Winds in Cities -- 3.7.1 Characteristics of Urban Boundary Layers. , 3.7.2 Vertical Profiles of Wind and Turbulence -- 3.7.3 Special Flow Phenomena in Urban Canopy Layers -- 3.8 Summary for Flat Terrain -- References -- 4 Winds in Complex Terrain -- 4.1 Characteristics of Boundary Layers Over Complex Terrain -- 4.1.1 Mountain and Valley Winds -- 4.1.2 Katabatic Winds -- 4.2 Wind Profiles Over a Hill -- 4.2.1 Potential Flow -- 4.2.2 Modified Potential Flow: Addition of an Inner Layer -- 4.2.3 Modified Potential Flow: Consideration of Thermal Stability -- 4.2.4 Weibull Parameters Over a Hill -- 4.3 Wind Profiles Over an Escarpment -- 4.4 Terrain Ruggedness -- 4.5 Spectra -- 4.6 Diurnal Variation -- 4.7 Summary for Complex Terrain -- References -- 5 Offshore Winds -- 5.1 Characteristics of Marine Boundary Layers -- 5.1.1 Sea Surface Roughness and Drag Coefficient -- 5.1.2 Fetch and Stability-Dependent Wave Formation -- 5.1.3 Extreme Wave Heights -- 5.1.4 Wave Age -- 5.1.5 Impact of the Vertical Moisture Profile -- 5.1.6 Annual and Diurnal Variations -- 5.2 Vertical Profiles -- 5.3 Extreme Wind Speeds -- 5.4 Turbulence -- 5.4.1 Turbulence Intensity -- 5.4.2 Wind Speed Variances -- 5.4.3 Turbulence Length Scales and Inclination Angles -- 5.4.4 Gust Events -- 5.5 Weibull Parameter -- 5.6 Coastal Effects -- 5.6.1 Land and Sea Winds -- 5.6.2 Low-Level Jets -- 5.7 Summary for Marine Boundary Layers -- References -- 6 Physics of Wind Parks -- 6.1 Turbine Wakes -- 6.2 Analytical Model for Mean Wind Speed in Wind Parks -- 6.3 Analytical Model for the Length of Wind Park Wakes -- 6.4 Application of the Analytical Model with FINO1 Stability Data -- 6.5 Observed Wind Park Wakes -- 6.6 Impact of Passing Over the Cut-off Wind Speed -- 6.7 Risks That a Tornado Hits a Wind Park -- 6.8 Summary for Wind Parks -- References -- 7 Wind Data Sources -- 7.1 Measurements -- 7.1.1 In Situ Measurements -- 7.1.1.1 Cup Anemometers. , 7.1.1.2 Sonic Anemometers -- 7.1.2 Surface-Based Remote Sensing -- 7.1.2.1 Optical Remote Sensing -- 7.1.2.2 Range Determination by Signal Delay -- 7.1.2.3 Range Determination by Beam Focussing -- 7.1.2.4 Remote Sensing in Complex Terrain -- 7.1.3 Determination of Mixing Height -- 7.1.3.1 Acoustic Detection Methods -- 7.1.3.2 Optical Detection Methods -- 7.1.3.3 RASS -- 7.1.4 Satellite Data -- 7.1.5 SCADA Data -- 7.1.6 Representativity and Quality of Measured Wind Data -- 7.2 Reanalysis Data -- 7.3 Models -- 7.3.1 Analytical Models -- 7.3.2 Mesoscale Numerical Models -- 7.3.3 Microscale Large Eddy Simulations -- 7.3.4 The Gap Problem Between the Mesoscale and the Microscale -- 7.4 Statistical Tools -- 7.4.1 Time Series Analysis -- 7.4.2 Mean Wind Speed Spectrum and the Weibull Distribution -- 7.4.3 Extreme Mean Wind Speeds and the Gumbel Distribution -- 7.4.4 Extreme Gusts -- 7.4.5 Gust Duration and Wind Acceleration in Gusts -- 7.4.6 Size of Turbulence Elements -- 7.4.7 Measure-Correlate-Predict (MCP) -- 7.5 Summary -- References -- 8 Noise Generation and Noise Propagation -- 8.1 Noise Generation -- 8.2 Definition of Noise Levels -- 8.3 Noise Propagation -- 8.3.1 Noise Attenuation -- 8.3.2 Noise Refraction -- 8.4 Summary -- References -- 9 Other Meteorological Issues -- 9.1 Icing -- 9.2 Lightning -- 9.3 Aerosols, Dust, Salt -- 9.4 Summary -- References -- 10 Outlook -- 10.1 Size of Wind Turbines -- 10.2 Size of Offshore Wind Parks -- 10.3 Other Techniques of Converting Wind Energy -- 10.4 New Measurement and Modelling Tools to Assess Wind Conditions -- 10.5 Wind Resources and Climate Change -- 10.6 Repercussions of Large-Scale Wind Power Extraction on Weather and Climate -- 10.6.1 Local and Regional Effects -- 10.6.2 Global Effects -- References -- Index.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Berlin, Heidelberg :Springer Berlin / Heidelberg,
    Keywords: Wind power. ; Electric power production. ; Atmospheric physics. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: An introduction to the meteorological boundary conditions for power generation from onshore and offshore wind, this book reviews the derivation of wind laws and wind profile descriptions, and discusses the efficiency of large wind parks and their wakes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (201 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9783642305238
    Series Statement: Green Energy and Technology Series
    DDC: 551.5
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Wind Energy Meteorology -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Variables -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1…Scope of the Book -- 1.2…Overview of Existing Literature -- 1.3…History of Wind Energy Generation -- 1.4…Potential of Wind Energy Generation -- 1.5…Present Status of Wind Energy Generation -- 1.6…Structure of This Book -- References -- 2 Wind Regimes -- 2.1…Global Circulationcirculation -- 2.2…Driving Forces -- 2.2.1 Hydrostatic Equation -- 2.2.2 Momentum Budget Equations for the Windwind -- 2.3…Geostrophic Winds and Gradient Windgradient winds -- 2.4…Thermal Winds -- 2.5…Boundary Layer Winds -- 2.6…ThunderstormThunderstorm Gusts and Tornados -- 2.7…Air Density -- References -- 3 Vertical Profiles Over Flat Terrain -- 3.1…Surface Layer (Prandtl Layer) -- 3.1.1 Logarithmic Wind Profile -- 3.1.1.1 Neutral Stratification -- 3.1.1.2 Unstable Stratification -- 3.1.1.3 Stable Stratification -- 3.1.2 Power Law -- 3.1.3 Comparison Between Logarithmic and Power Lawpower law -- 3.1.4 Vertical Wind Profile with Large Wind Speeds -- 3.2…Profile Laws Above the Surface Layer -- 3.2.1 Ekman Layer Equations -- 3.2.2 Inertial Oscillations in the Ekman Layer -- 3.2.3 Vertical Wind Profiles in the Ekman Layer -- 3.2.4 Unified Description of the Wind Profile for the Boundary Layer -- 3.3…Spectra -- 3.4…Diurnal VariationDiurnal variation of the Wind Profile -- 3.4.1 Vertical Profiles of the Weibull Parameters -- 3.4.2 Low Level Jets -- 3.4.2.1 Origin of Low Level Jets -- 3.4.2.2 Frequency of Low Level Jets -- 3.4.2.3 Vertical Wind Profiles Below the Jet Core -- 3.5…Internal Boundary Layers -- 3.6…Wind and Turbulenceturbulence Profiles Over Forestsforests -- 3.7…Winds in Citiescities -- 3.7.1 Characteristics of Urban Boundary Layerurban boundary layers -- 3.7.2 Vertical Profiles of Wind and Turbulenceturbulence. , 3.7.3 Special Flow Phenomena in Urban Canopy Layerurban canopy layers -- 3.8…Summary for Flat Terrain -- References -- 4 Winds in Complex Terrain -- 4.1…Characteristics of Boundary Layers Over Complex Terrain -- 4.1.1 Mountain and Valley Winds -- 4.1.2 Katabatic Winds -- 4.2…Wind Profiles Over a Hill -- 4.2.1 Potential Flow -- 4.2.2 Modifications to the Potential FlowPotential Flow: Addition of an Inner LayerInner Layer -- 4.2.3 Modifications to the Potential FlowPotential Flow: Consideration of Thermal Stability -- 4.2.4 Weibull Parameters over a Hill -- 4.3…Wind Profiles Over an Escarpment -- 4.4…Spectra -- 4.5…Diurnal Variation -- 4.6…Summary for Complex Terrain -- References -- 5 Offshore Winds -- 5.1…Characteristics of Marine Boundary Layers -- 5.1.1 Sea Surface Roughness and Drag Coefficient -- 5.1.2 Fetch and Stability Dependent Wave Formation -- 5.1.3 Extreme Wave Heights -- 5.1.4 Wave Age -- 5.1.5 Impact of the Vertical Moisture Profile -- 5.1.6 Annual and Diurnal Variations -- 5.2…Vertical Profiles -- 5.3…Extreme Wind Speeds -- 5.4…Turbulence -- 5.4.1 Turbulence Intensity -- 5.4.2 Wind Speed Variances -- 5.4.3 Turbulence Length Scales and Inclination Angles -- 5.4.4 Gust Events -- 5.5…Weibull Parameter -- 5.6…Coastal Effects -- 5.6.1 Land and Sea Winds -- 5.6.2 Low-Level Jets -- 5.7…Summary for Marine Boundary Layers -- References -- 6 Physics of Wind Parks -- 6.1…Turbine Wakes -- 6.2…Analytical Model for Mean Wind Speed in Wind Parks -- 6.3…Analytical Model for Wind Park Wakes -- 6.4…Application of the Analytical Model with FINO1 Stability Data -- 6.5…Risks that a Tornado Hits a Wind Park -- 6.6…Summary for Wind Parks -- References -- 7 Outlook -- 7.1…Size of Wind Turbines -- 7.2…Size of Offshore Wind Parks -- 7.3…Other Techniques of Converting Wind Energy -- 7.4…New Measurement and Modelling Tools to Assess Wind Conditions. , 7.5…Wind Resources and Climate ChangeClimate Change -- 7.6…Repercussions of Large-Scale Wind Power Extraction on Weather and Climate -- References -- Appenix A Statistical Tools -- A.1…Time Series Analysis -- A.2…Mean Wind Speed Spectrum and the Weibull Distribution -- A.3…Extreme Mean Wind Speeds and the Gumbel Distribution -- A.4…Extreme Gusts -- A.5…Gust Duration and Wind Acceleration in Gusts -- A.6…Size of Turbulence Elements -- A.6…Size of Turbulence Elements -- Appendix B Remote Sensing of Boundary Layer Structure and Height -- B.1…Acoustic Detection Methods -- B.1.1 Acoustic Received Echo Method -- B.1.2 Horizontal Wind Speed Method -- B.1.3 Vertical Wind Variance Method -- B.1.4 Enhanced Acoustic Received Echo Method -- B.2…Optical Detection Methods -- B.2.1 Threshold Method -- B.2.2 Gradient or Derivative Methods -- B.2.3 Idealised Backscatter Method -- B.2.4 Wavelet Method -- B.2.5 Variance Method -- B.3…RASS -- B.3.1 Combined Deployment of Two Different RASS -- B.3.2 Further Algorithms Using a RASS -- B.4…Other Algorithms Using More Than One Instrument -- B.4.1 Combined Deployment of SODAR and Wind Profiler -- B.4.2 Combined Deployment of SODAR and Ceilometer -- References -- Index.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Stuttgart :Schweizerbart,
    Keywords: Atmosphäre. ; Meteorologische Messung. ; (VLB-PF)BB: Gebunden. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (274 pages)
    ISBN: 9783443011185
    DDC: 551.5015308
    Language: English
    Note: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 The necessity for measurements -- 1.2 Definition of a measurement -- 1.3 Historical aspects -- 2 Measurement basics -- 2.1 Overview of methods -- 2.1.1 Direct and indirect methods -- 2.1.2 In-situ and remote sensing methods -- 2.1.3 Instantaneous and integrating methods -- 2.1.4 On-line and off-line methods, post-processing -- 2.1.5 Flux measurements -- 2.2 Main measurement principles -- 2.3 Measurements by inversion -- 2.3.1 Inversion with one variable -- 2.3.2 Inversion with more than one variable -- 2.3.3 Well-posed and ill-posed problems -- 2.4 Measurement instruments -- 2.4.1 Active and passive instruments -- 2.4.2 Analogue and digital instruments -- 2.5 Measurement platforms -- 2.6 Measurement variables -- 2.7 General characteristics of measured data -- 2.8 Data logging -- 2.9 Quality assurance/quality control -- 3 In-situ measurements of state variables -- 3.1 Thermometers -- 3.1.1 Liquid-in-glass thermometers -- 3.1.2 Bimetal thermometers -- 3.1.3 Resistance thermometers, thermistors -- 3.1.4 Thermocouples, thermopiles -- 3.1.5 Sonic thermometry -- 3.1.6 Measurement of infrared radiation -- 3.1.7 Soil thermometer -- 3.1.8 Recommendations for temperature measurements -- 3.2 Measuring moisture -- 3.2.1 Hygrometer -- 3.2.2 Psychrometers -- 3.2.3 Dewpoint determination -- 3.2.4 Capacitive methods -- 3.2.5 Recommendations for humidity measurements -- 3.3 Pressure sensors -- 3.3.1 Barometers -- 3.3.2 Hypsometers -- 3.3.3 Electronic barometers -- 3.3.4 Microbarometer -- 3.3.5 Pressure balance -- 3.3.6 Recommendations for pressure measurements -- 3.4 Wind measurements -- 3.4.1 Estimation from visual observations -- 3.4.2 Wind direction -- 3.4.3 Cup anemometer -- 3.4.4 Pressure tube -- 3.4.5 Hot wire anemometer -- 3.4.6 Ultrasonic anemometer -- 3.4.7 Propeller anemometer. , 3.4.8 Recommendations for wind measurements -- 4 In-situ methods for observing liquid water and ice -- 4.1 Precipitation -- 4.1.1 Rain sensors (Present Weather Sensors) -- 4.1.2 Rain gauges (totalisators) -- 4.1.3 Pluviographs -- 4.1.4 Disdrometer -- 4.1.5 Special instruments for snow -- 4.1.6 Recommendations for precipitation measurements -- 4.2 Soil moisture -- 4.2.1 Gravimetric methods -- 4.2.2 Neutron probes -- 4.2.3 Time domain reflectrometry (TDR) -- 4.2.4 Tensiometers -- 4.2.5 Resistance block tensiometer -- 4.2.6 Recommendations for soil moisture measurements -- 5 In-situ measurement of trace substances -- 5.1 Measurement of trace gases -- 5.1.1 Physical methods -- 5.1.2 Chemical methods -- 5.1.3 Recommendations for the measurement of trace gases -- 5.2 Particle measurements -- 5.2.1 Determination of the particle mass -- 5.2.2 Measuring particle size distributions -- 5.2.3 Measurement of the chemical composition of particles -- 5.2.4 Measuring the particle structure -- 5.2.5 Saltiphon -- 5.2.6 Recommendations for particle measurements -- 5.3 Olfactometry -- 5.4 Radioactivity -- 5.4.1 Counter tubes -- 5.4.2 Scintillation counters -- 5.4.3 Recommendations for radioactivity monitoring -- 6 In-situ flux measurements -- 6.1 Measuring radiation -- 6.1.1 Measuring direct solar radiation -- 6.1.2 Measuring shortwave irradiance -- 6.1.3 Measuring longwave irradiance -- 6.1.4 Measuring the total irradiance -- 6.1.5 Measuring chill -- 6.1.6 Sunshine recorder -- 6.1.7 Recommendations for radiation measurements -- 6.2 Visual range -- 6.3 Micrometeorological flux measurements -- 6.3.1 Cuvettes -- 6.3.2 Surface chambers -- 6.3.3 Mass balance method -- 6.3.4 Inferential method -- 6.3.5 Gradient method -- 6.3.6 Bowen-ratio method -- 6.3.7 Flux variance method -- 6.3.8 Dissipation method -- 6.3.9 Eddy covariance method -- 6.3.10 Eddy accumulation methods. , 6.3.11 Disjunct eddy covariance method -- 6.3.12 Recommendations for the measurement of turbulent fluxes -- 6.4 Evaporation -- 6.4.1 Atmometers -- 6.4.2 Lysimeters -- 6.4.3 Evaporation pans and tanks -- 6.4.4 Recommendations for evaporation measurements -- 6.5 Soil heat flux -- 6.6 Inverse emission flux modelling -- 7 Remote sensing methods -- 7.1 Basics of remote sensing -- 7.2 Active sounding methods -- 7.2.1 RADAR -- 7.2.2 Windprofilers -- 7.2.3 SODAR -- 7.2.4 RASS -- 7.2.5 LIDAR -- 7.2.6 Further LIDAR techniques -- 7.3 Active path-averaging methods -- 7.3.1 Scintillometers -- 7.3.2 FTIR -- 7.3.3 DOAS -- 7.3.4 Quantum cascade laser -- 7.4 Passive methods -- 7.4.1 Radiometers -- 7.4.2 Photometers -- 7.4.3 Infrared-Interferometer -- 7.5 Tomography -- 7.5.1 Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Technique (SIRT) -- 7.5.2 Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (ART) -- 7.5.3 Smooth Basis Function Minimization (SBFM) -- 8 Remote sensing of atmospheric state variables -- 8.1 Temperature -- 8.1.1 Near-surface temperatures -- 8.1.2 Temperature profiles -- 8.2 Gaseous humidity -- 8.2.1 Integral water vapour content -- 8.2.2 Vertical profiles -- 8.2.3 Large-scale humidity distribution -- 8.3 Wind and turbulence -- 8.3.1 Small-scale near-surface turbulence -- 8.3.2 Horizontal wind fields -- 8.3.3 Vertical wind profiles -- 8.3.4 Turbulence profiles -- 8.3.5 Cloud winds -- 8.3.6 Ionospheric winds -- 8.4 Mixing-layer heights -- 8.4.1 LIDAR -- 8.4.2 SODAR -- 8.5 Turbulent fluxes -- 8.6 Ionospheric electron densities -- 8.7 Recommendations for remote sensing of state variables -- 9 Remote sensing of water and ice -- 9.1 Precipitation -- 9.1.1 RADAR -- 9.1.2 Precipitation measurements from satellites -- 9.2 Clouds -- 9.2.1 Cloud base -- 9.2.2 Cloud cover -- 9.2.3 Cloud movement -- 9.2.4 Water content -- 9.3 Recommendations for remote sensing of liquid water and ice. , 10 Remote sensing of trace substances -- 10.1 Trace gases -- 10.1.1 Horizontal path-averaging methods -- 10.1.2 Vertical column densities -- 10.1.3 Sounding methods -- 10.2 Aerosols -- 10.2.1 Aerosol optical depths (AOD) -- 10.2.2 Sounding methods -- 10.3 Recommendations for remote sensing of trace substances -- 11 Remote sensing of surface properties -- 11.1 Properties of the solid surface -- 11.1.1 Surface roughness -- 11.1.2 Land surface temperature -- 11.1.3 Soil moisture -- 11.1.4 Vegetation -- 11.1.5 Snow and ice -- 11.1.6 Fires -- 11.2 Properties of the ocean surface -- 11.2.1 Altitudes of the sea surface -- 11.2.2 Wave heights -- 11.2.3 Sea surface temperature -- 11.2.4 Salinity -- 11.2.5 Ocean currents -- 11.2.6 Ice cover, size of ice floes -- 11.2.7 Algae and suspended sediment concentrations -- 12 Remote sensing of electrical phenomena -- 12.1 Spherics -- 12.1.1 Directional analyses -- 12.1.2 Distance analyses -- 12.2 Optical lightning detection -- 13 Outlook on new developments -- Literature -- Subject index -- Appendix: Technical guidelines and standards -- Index to the Appendix.
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  • 4
    Keywords: Bodenfeuchte ; Evaporation ; Messungen ; Methoden ; Spurengase ; Windmessungen ; Wärmemessungen ; Atmosphäre ; Meteorologische Messung ; Atmosphäre ; Meteorologische Messung
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: XIV, 257 S , Ill., graph. Darst.
    ISBN: 9783443010669
    Series Statement: Quantifying the environment
    DDC: 551.511
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Note: Literaturverz. S. [209] - 230
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  • 5
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 p. = 2,37 MB) , ill., graphs
    Series Statement: Wissenschaftliche Berichte / Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft 6927
    DDC: 550
    Language: German , English
    Note: Engl. abstract under title: Automatic determination of mixing-layer height from 16 months of SODAR measurements , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat reader.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht :Springer Netherlands,
    Keywords: Boundary layer (Meteorology) -- Remote sensing. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: This book presents a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art in atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) research. It focuses on experimental ABL research and discusses new subjects such as micro-rain radars and the use of ceilometers for ABL profiling.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (180 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9789048193400
    Series Statement: Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences Library ; v.40
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Preface -- References -- Contents -- List of Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 The Beginnings of Boundary Layer Research -- 1.2 Short History of Upper-Air Measurements -- 1.3 The Beginning of Ground-Based Remote Sensing -- 1.4 The Scope of This Book -- References -- 2 Analytical Description and Vertical Structure of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 ABL Over Flat Terrain -- 2.2.1 Neutral (Dynamical) Boundary Layer -- 2.2.1.1 Prandtl Layer -- 2.2.1.2 Ekman Layer -- 2.2.1.3 Unified Description of the Wind Profile for the Boundary Layer -- 2.2.1.4 Internal Boundary Layers -- 2.2.2 Convective Boundary Layer -- 2.2.3 Stable Boundary Layer -- 2.3 Urban Boundary Layers -- 2.4 Forest Boundary Layers -- 2.5 Marine Boundary Layers -- 2.5.1 Land--Sea Wind System -- 2.6 Mountainous Terrain -- References -- 3 Basic Principles of Surface-Based Remote Sensing -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 RADAR -- 3.2.1 Windprofiler -- 3.2.2 Micro Rain RADAR -- 3.3 SODAR -- 3.3.1 SNODAR -- 3.4 RASS -- 3.4.1 Bragg-(Windprofiler) RASS -- 3.4.2 Doppler-(SODAR) RASS -- 3.5 LIDAR -- 3.5.1 Backscatter (Aerosol) LIDAR -- 3.5.1.1 Ceilometer -- 3.5.2 Differential Absorption LIDAR -- 3.5.3 Raman-LIDAR -- 3.5.4 Doppler Wind LIDAR -- 3.5.4.1 Range Determination by Signal Delay -- 3.5.4.2 Range Determination by Beam Focusing -- 3.5.4.3 Optical Coherence Tomography for Range Determination -- 3.5.5 Other Optical Flow Measurement Techniques -- 3.6 Radiometers -- 3.6.1 Infrared Interferometer -- 3.7 FTIR -- 3.8 DOAS -- 3.9 Scintillometry -- 3.10 Tomography -- References -- 4 Applications -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Vertical Layering of the ABL -- 4.2.1 Mixing Layer Height -- 4.2.1.1 Acoustic Methods -- 4.2.1.2 Optical Detection of MLH -- 4.2.1.3 RASS -- 4.2.1.4 Other Algorithms Using More Than One Instrument. , 4.2.1.5 Correlation of Pollutant Concentrations with MLH -- 4.2.2 Boundary Layer Height -- 4.2.3 Clouds and Cloud Base Height -- 4.3 Vertical Profiles of Atmospheric Variables -- 4.3.1 Wind and Turbulence -- 4.3.1.1 Acoustic Techniques -- 4.3.1.2 Optical Techniques -- 4.3.1.3 RADAR Windprofiler -- 4.3.2 Temperature -- 4.3.2.1 RASS -- 4.3.2.2 Raman LIDAR -- 4.3.2.3 Passive Remote Sensing with Radiometers -- 4.3.2.4 Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) -- 4.3.3 Humidity, Water, and Ice -- 4.3.3.1 DIAL Measurements of Humidity -- 4.3.3.2 Raman LIDAR Measurements of Humidity -- 4.3.3.3 Radiometer Measurements -- 4.3.3.4 Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) and FTIR -- 4.3.3.5 Micro Rain RADAR Measurements -- 4.3.4 Trace Substances -- 4.3.4.1 Vertical Profiling -- 4.3.4.2 Horizontally Path-Averaging -- 4.4 Vertical Flux Profiles -- 4.4.1 Momentum Flux -- 4.4.2 Heat Flux -- 4.4.3 Humidity or Water Vapour Flux -- 4.5 Regional and Local Flow Systems -- 4.5.1 Low-Level Jets -- 4.5.2 Gust Fronts and Cold Air Outflows -- 4.5.3 Land and Sea Breeze -- 4.5.4 Flow in Mountainous Terrain, Valley, and Mountain Breeze -- 4.5.5 Drainage and Katabatic Flows -- 4.6 Conclusions on the Applicability of Ground-Based Remote Sensing for ABL Research and Monitoring -- References -- 5 Outlook -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Technological Advancements -- 5.3 Application Needs -- References -- Appendix -- A.1 Introduction -- A.2 Name and Scope -- A.3 The Series of Conferences -- Reference -- Glossary -- References -- Name Index -- Subject Index.
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  • 7
    Keywords: Konferenzschrift ; Forschungsbericht
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: Online-Ressource (194 S., 14,3 MB) , Ill., graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Wissenschaftliche Berichte / Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft 7222
    DDC: 550
    Language: English
    Note: Unterschiede zwischen dem gedruckten Dokument und der elektronischen Ressource können nicht ausgeschlossen werden , Auch als gedr. Ausg. vorhanden , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat reader.
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  • 8
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht ; Konferenzschrift ; Umwelt ; Immissionsbelastung ; Angewandte Meteorologie
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: Online-Ressource (141 S., 7,41 MB) , Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: Wissenschaftliche Berichte / Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft 7300
    Language: German
    Note: Literaturangaben , Unterschiede zwischen dem gedruckten Dokument und der elektronischen Ressource können nicht ausgeschlossen werden , Auch als gedr. Ausg. vorhanden , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat reader.
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Garmisch-Partenkirchen : Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Inst. für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht ; Windkraftwerk ; Offshore-Technik ; Turbulenz ; Numerische Strömungssimulation
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 S., 668 KB) , graph. Darst.
    Language: German
    Note: Förderkennzeichen BMU 0329961. - Verbund-Nr. 01033173 , Unterschiede zwischen dem gedruckten Dokument und der elektronischen Ressource können nicht ausgeschlossen werden , Auch als gedr. Ausg. vorhanden , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat reader.
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  • 10
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht ; Maritime atmosphärische Grenzschicht ; Windfeld
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 S., 508 KB) , graph. Darst.
    Language: German
    Note: Förderkennzeichen BMU 0325060 , Unterschiede zwischen dem gedruckten Dokument und der elektronischen Ressource können nicht ausgeschlossen werden , Auch als gedr. Ausg. vorhanden , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat reader.
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